The 2025 Italian referendum, officially the 2025 Abrogative Referendums in Italy (), were held on 8 and 9 June, concurrently with the second round of the local elections. The objective of the referendums was the repeal of four labor laws, two of which were originally introduced as part of the Jobs Act in 2016, and an amendment to the law on the acquisition of Italian citizenship by foreign residents.
The referendum question on the request for Italian citizenship was initially promoted by the More Europe secretary Riccardo Magi, as well as by the parties Possibile, Italian Socialist Party, Italian Radicals, and Communist Refoundation Party, and numerous civil society associations, with a collection of signatures, also carried out digitally, which collected more than 637,000 signatures. The referendum questions on work were promoted by the Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL) with a public collection of signatures, which gathered over four million signatures.
All five questions were declared admissible by the Constitutional Court during the council chamber of 20 January 2025, in which instead the proposal for a referendum to repeal the Calderoli law on differentiated autonomy was rejected and declared inadmissible. For the result to be valid, at least 50% + 1 eligible voters quorum had to be reached with at least 50% of participants approving. As none of the referendums reached the required turnout, the results were consequently rendered void.
Referendum initiative
Referendum on labour
After numerous strikes and demonstrations against the labour reform introduced by the Jobs Act in March 2014 by the Renzi government, in 2016 the CGIL launched a campaign to collect signatures to carry out a referendum to restore the protections of Article 18 of the Workers' Statute for unlawful dismissals and extend them to all companies with at least five employees: this article, which provided for the reinstatement of the worker in the workplace in the case of unlawful dismissal, had been amended in 2015 by the Jobs Act, which instead provided for economic compensation. The CGIL managed to collect 3.3 million signatures throughout Italy; however, on 11 January 2017 the Constitutional Court declared the referendum question inadmissible because it had also been badly formulated in a proactive manner in order to extend the protection of Article 18 to companies with fewer than 15 employees. Further questions concerning the abolition of work vouchers and the repeal of the provisions limiting joint and several liability in the field of contracting were instead admitted by the Constitutional Court, so the date of 28 May 2017 was set for the abrogative referendums to be held; however, the Gentiloni government urgently approved Decree-Law no. 25 of 17 March 2017, which abrogated the provisions subject to the referendum, which was therefore annulled after the entry into force of the conversion law No. 49 of 20 April 2017.
In the general assembly of 26 March 2024, the CGIL approved the launch of a on four issues relating to work, three of which related to points of the Jobs Act reform (implemented by the Renzi government), as part of an overall mobilization strategy that also included a general strike (later held on 11 April), general demonstrations, popular initiative bills and support for disputes over the renewal of collective agreements. The general secretary of the union, Maurizio Landini, officially announced the launch of the signature collection for the following 25 April, Liberation Day, with numerous initiatives and stalls in various cities. The referendum campaign was accompanied by the slogan "For stable, dignified, protected and safe work I'll put my signature"; each of the four adjectives included in the sentence referred to one of the questions posed.
On 12 June 2024, the organizing secretary of the CGIL, Luigi Giove, announced that the campaign had reached and exceeded the 500,000 signatures required under Article 75 of the Italian Constitution. The signatures, quantified by Landini at four million, were finally deposited in the Supreme Court of Cassation on the following July 19. All four questions were declared legal by the on 12 December 2024. They were declared admissible by the Constitutional Court on 20 January 2025, with rulings filed on 7 February.
Referendum on citizenship
The referendum question that required halving the years of legal residence to apply for Italian citizenship was initiated by More Europe secretary Riccardo Magi, who filed it with the Supreme Court of Cassation on 4 September 2024, less than a month before the deadline for collecting signatures. The promoters of the referendum include the political parties More Europe, Possibile, Italian Socialist Party, Italian Radicals, and Communist Refoundation Party, numerous associations of people with a migrant background such as Italians without citizenship, CoNNGI (National Coordination of New Italian Generations), and Idem Network, and other organizations including Libera, , A Buon Diritto and Società della Ragione, as well as various personalities such as (former National Guarantor of the rights of persons deprived of personal liberty), Luigi Manconi, and (president of ). The issue of the citizenship law, already at the centre of failed attempts at amendment in Parliament on several occasions, had returned to the attention of public opinion after the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris which had seen the successes of many Italian athletes of foreign origin (such as Paola Egonu and Myriam Sylla, winners of the Olympic gold medal for the women's national volleyball team) who in the past had struggled to be officially recognised as Italian.
Given the tight deadline of September 30, the promoting committee focused almost exclusively on digital signature collection using the new free platform made available for this purpose by the Government starting from July 26 and already successfully used for the signature collection for the referendum against differentiated autonomy. Despite the short time available, thanks also to the push of personalities such as the historian Alessandro Barbero, the writer Roberto Saviano, the cartoonist Zerocalcare, the director Matteo Garrone, the singers Ghali, Dargen D'Amico and Malika Ayane, the actress Kasia Smutniak and the coach of the women's national volleyball team Julio Velasco, the referendum reached the goal of 500,000 signatures on September 25. The signatures, which finally reached the number of 637,487, were deposited by the promoters at the Supreme Court of Cassation on September 30. The question was declared compliant with the law by the on 12 December 2024 and declared admissible by the Constitutional Court on 20 January 2025, with a ruling filed on 7 February.
Questions First question Card colour: Green Ballot:
Title: Employment contract with increasing protections – regulation of unlawful dismissals: Repeal Description: The question proposes to completely repeal the current legislation which prevents, in companies with more than 15 employees, the reinstatement of workers who have been dismissed unlawfully, if they were hired starting from 7 March 2015, even in the case in which the judge declares the interruption of the relationship unjust or unfounded; these employees are currently entitled exclusively to compensation ranging from 6 to 36 months of salary, in addition to unpaid wages and other contributions for the period between dismissal and the sentence. Reinstatement is expected only in cases of dismissals that are null or discriminatory.
These rules were introduced by Legislative Decree no. 23 of 2015, a part of the Jobs Act reform implemented by the Renzi government and later modified by various rulings of the Constitutional Court. If the referendum is approved, the previous rules would be reinstated, that is Article 18 of the Workers' Statute of 1970, later modified by the Fornero labour reform of 2012: in this way, the possibility of reinstatement in cases of unlawful dismissal would once again apply to all workers, but always within the limits set by the Fornero reform. As a result, compensation for individual dismissals would be limited to a range of 12 to 24 months of salary; instead, employees involved in collective dismissals (involving at least five people) judged to be unlawful would be reinstated.
Text of the questionDo you want the repeal of Legislative Decree no. 23 of 4 March 2015, containing "Provisions regarding permanent employment contracts with increasing protections, in implementation of Law no. 183 of 10 December 2014" in its entirety?
Second question Card colour: Orange Ballot:
Title: Small Businesses - Layoffs and related compensation: partial repeal Description: Text of the questionDo you want the repeal of Article 8 of Law No. 604 of 15 July 1966, containing "Rules on individual dismissals", as replaced by Article 2, paragraph 3, of Law No. 108 of 11 May 1990, limited to the words: "between one", the words "and a maximum of 6" and the words "The maximum amount of the aforementioned compensation may be increased up to 10 months' salary for employees with seniority of more than ten years and up to 14 months' salary for employees with seniority of more than twenty years, if employed by an employer who employs more than fifteen employees."?
Third question Card colour: Grey Ballot:
Title: Partial repeal of provisions on the application of a term to subordinate employment contracts, maximum duration and conditions for extensions and renewals Description: Text of the questionDo you want the repeal of Article 19 of Legislative Decree No. 81 of 15 June 2015, containing "Organic discipline of employment contracts and revision of the regulations on duties, pursuant to Article 1, paragraph 7, of Law No. 183 of 10 December 2014", paragraph 1, limited to the words "not exceeding twelve months. The contract may have a longer duration, but in any case", the words "in the presence of at least one of the following conditions", the words "in the absence of the provisions referred to in letter a), in the collective agreements applied in the company, and in any case by 31 December 2024, for technical, organizational and production needs identified by the parties;" and the words "b bis)"; paragraph 1-bis, limited to the words "lasting more than twelve months" and the words “from the date of exceeding the twelve-month term"; paragraph 4, limited to the words "in case of renewal," and to the words "only when the overall term exceeds twelve months"; Article 21, paragraph 01, limited to the words "freely in the first twelve months and, subsequently,"?
Fourth question Card colour: Red Ballot:
Title: Exclusion of joint liability of the client, the contractor and the subcontractor for injuries suffered by the employee of a contracting or subcontracting company, as a consequence of the specific risks inherent in the activity of the contracting or subcontracting companies: Repeal Description: Text of the questionDo you want the repeal of art. 26, paragraph 4, of Legislative Decree no. 81 of 9 April 2008, containing "Implementation of Article 1 of Law no. 123 of 3 August 2007, regarding the protection of health and safety in the workplace" as amended by art. 16 of Legislative Decree no. 106 of 3 August 2009, by art. 32 of Legislative Decree no. 69 of 21 June 2013, converted with amendments by Law no. 98 of 9 August 2013, as well as by art. 13 of Legislative Decree no. 146 of 21 October 2021, converted with amendments by Law no. 215, limited to the words "The provisions of this paragraph do not apply to damages resulting from specific risks inherent in the activity of contracting or subcontracting companies."
Fifth question Card colour: Yellow Ballot: