The 1990 Polish local elections were held on 27 May 1990. These were the first elections to local self-government in Poland after its restoration (it was abolished in 1950 and replaced for four decades by national councils).
Elected positions Representatives for the following were chosen:
2468 municipal councils, 7 district councils in the gmina Warszawa-Centrum, Warsaw City Council (for the first time since 1990).
Organisation The Sejm began legislative work on local government reform in January 1990. On 8 March 1990, the chamber passed a package of laws introducing the reform, including the Act amending the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic, the Act on Local Self-Government and the electoral law for gmina councils. In municipalities with up to 40,000 inhabitants, councillors were elected in single-mandate districts, and in larger municipalities - on a proportional basis. This shape of the electoral law was the fruit of a compromise between the Citizens' Parliamentary Club (preferring a majority system) and established parties (favouring a proportional system).
The composition of 2383 municipal councils was elected. (1547 councils in municipalities, 145 municipal councils in cities with up to 40,000 inhabitants, 110 municipal councils in cities with more than 40,000 inhabitants, 574 municipal-city councils and 7 district councils of Warsaw). There were 52,037 seats to be filled, for which 147,389 candidates competed. Councillors were elected in 47,997 districts (47 254 single-mandate and 743 multi-mandate). 51,987 councillors were elected (30,002 councillors in municipalities, 3,552 municipal councillors in cities with up to 40,000 inhabitants, 4,435 municipal councillors in cities with more than 40,000 inhabitants and 344 councillors in Warsaw districts).Announcement by the General Election Commissioner of 31 May 1990 on the aggregate results of elections to municipal councils in the area of the country, held on 27 May 1990.
Campaign The restoration and reconstitution of local authorities in Polish gminas spurred growth of political activism, as many came to see the possibility of building political support with the use of local citizen committees. Lech Wałęsa, the President of Poland, did not directly comment on the local elections, but his appeals such as "take the matter into your own hands" were interpreted as encouragements. In February 1990, Wałęsa called for a swift organization of local elections, with the support of Prime Minister Mazowiecki. However, the political environment of Wałęsa, Solidarność, was also wary of the influence of citizen committee movements that spearheaded local government reforms.
The established political parties reacted to the local elections with indifference or protest. The declining PZPR was especially opposed to the local elections, as it signified losing even more of its influence. The MPs of the PZPR such as Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz criticized the pace of the reforms, their extent, and also resignation from having a unitary, centralized governance. Other left-wing parties varied in their attitude towards the election - the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland was critical, arguing that the local elections and local government reforms would not increase the influence of local communities on the government, decrease the dependence of bureaucracy, or introduce greater democracy. The party instead argued that the reform only served to increase the position of the ruling Solidarność. However, the Polish Social Democratic Union accepted the reform and praised it as a correct way to introduce democracy on the local level. The newly refounded Polish Socialist Party likewise supported the local elections.
The local elections proved an opportunity for many new parties to establish themselves. On the left, especially the Polish Socialist Party leaned on the local elections to build party structures. This was also utilized by other newly established parties, such as the Polish People's Party and the reformed Alliance of Democrats, which focused on the local governments in their programs. Neoliberal parties such as the Liberal Democratic Congress and the Real Politics Union also organized intensive campaigns, campaigning on the need to prevent local governments from owning industries, as this would halt the privatization programs. Christian democrat party Christian National Union saw the elections as an opportunity to realize the ideals of social solidarity and mutual assistance. Meanwhile, the Confederation of Independent Poland and Centre Agreement considered the election important in order to purge local structures of communist officials.
The most numerous group were the candidates put forward by citizens' groups - 46,1%, followed by the candidates of the civic-solidarity movement - 27,5%, other political parties and groupings put forward - 12,6%, and social, professional and self-governing organisations - 7,6%. The remainder were candidates of local coalitions and organisations difficult to classify. According to a study by the UW research team, 31% of candidates before 1990 belonged to a party or organisation that was part of the Front of National Unity or the Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth, 46% belonged before 1990 to youth organisations, and 31% to the Solidarity movement. However, these figures did not reflect the true political mosaic of the pre-election period, which consisted of around a hundred parties, 270 organisations that were considered regional and local parties and 660 other structures.
The campaign played out primarily at the local level. The programmes of the electoral committees were created on the basis of the investment priorities of individual settlements and villages. In addition, they included criticism of the previous local authorities and communist governments (also on a general scale), demands to the central authorities for more funds for commune development, and expressions of dissatisfaction with the current government. Matters of so-called ‘big politics’ rarely appeared. The Confederation of Independent Poland reached for anti-communism in its campaigning (slogans from posters: ‘Enough of socialism, comrades’, “Come on, red sunshine”) and tried to take over the Solidarity electorate (slogan from a poster: ‘If you were disappointed with Solidarity, don't boycott the elections - vote for KPN"). The Confederation of Independent Poland formed many local coalitions, mainly with newly established parties with a Christian Democratic and agrarian-nationalist profile. These groupings (e.g. Christian Democracy, Labour Party and Christian National Union) ran more often in cooperation with civic committees and treated the local elections as preparation for the future fight for parliamentary and senatorial seats.
The campaign run by the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland reflected the party's weakness and uncertainty (slogans: ‘Don't be afraid - vote for the SdRP’, ’Vote for our candidates. There will be no true pluralism without us"). However, in spite of its apparent defeatism, the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland was seriously involved in the campaign with a broad electoral campaign. Its candidates talked about unemployment, the need for self-organisation of society. The Polish People's Party tried in this campaign to erase the image of the heir of the post-communist United People's Party. That is why radical agrarian demands were exposed and historical traditions of the interwar PSL were eagerly referred to. The organisational and financial independence of the party was emphasised (‘Our candidates do not benefit from foreign grants and experts’). In its pre-election campaign, the Alliance of Democrats tried, with mediocre success, to refer to the tradition of the 3rd of May Constitution, often invoking such notions as homeland, property, dignity, freedom, family, nation.
Election results Distribution of seats Electoral committee % of seats Solidarity Citizens' Committee 41.4% Independents 38% Polish People's Party 6.5% Rural Solidarity 4.3% Other rural and agrarian parties 2.25% Alliance of Democrats 2.1% Unelected/vacant seats 2.02% Communist trade unions 1.5% Confederation of Independent Poland 1.0% Ethnic minorities committees 0.65% Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland 0.28% Total 100% Source:
Distribution of votes
Summary In the election, the number of invalid and blank votes was quite high - 3% of the ballots were invalid and 5% were blank - because of this, media noted that Polish voters were still getting used to electoral procedures. The law on municipal councils, at that time the only local government body elected by universal suffrage, provided for majority elections in single-mandate constituencies in rural municipalities and towns with up to 40,000 inhabitants, while in towns with more than 40,000 inhabitants elections were held in multi-mandate constituencies with proportional allocation of seats to electoral committee lists based on a modified Sainte-Laguë method. Cities with more than 40 000 inhabitants accounted for 110 out of 2383 municipalities and more than 40% of the electorate lived in them, so voting results in the larger cities dominated media coverage of local elections and this became the rule for the next 25 years.
Summing up the campaigning before the first local elections, Andrzej Piasecki notes the poverty of resources, lack of professionalism and little media involvement. As a result, the turnout at the ballot box on 27 May 1990 was below expectations - 42.7%. In cities, where the proportional system was used, 40.5% voted, in smaller centres 44.4%. The low turnout was determined by the progressive disenchantment with the Solidarity government, the government's hard-line economic policy, the inexpressive electoral campaign, the low understanding of the rank of local government, the limited number of candidates in single-mandate districts and the smaller number of party candidates compared to the number of non-affiliated candidates. According to post-election surveys, the most active and pro-reform stance was taken by the intelligentsia and highly skilled workers. ‘Those who went to the polls felt more like citizens, the owners of their towns and villages, those who were able to stand together against the atomising pressure of the old system,’ summarised Gazeta Wyborcza.