The Wahaha Joint Venture Company was a food and beverage joint venture company established between the Hangzhou Wahaha Group, the largest beverage producer in China, and Danone, one of the world's largest food conglomerates.
The companies became partners in 1996 in a business model Forbes magazine hailed as a "showcase" joint venture.
As the businesses expanded and became more complex, Danone made several attempts to buy out Wahaha, but was rebuffed. Danone and Wahaha's general manager Zong Qinghou signed a deal in December 2006, allowing Danone to buy a majority stake in the non-JV operations. However, Zong had second thoughts about the deal and reneged, claiming the offer was underpriced. It is alleged that he wanted to squeeze a higher price out of Danone.
In a trademark dispute, Danone filed for arbitration in Stockholm on 9 May 2007. Danone took further legal action by filing a suit in Los Angeles Superior Court against Ever Maple Trading and Hangzhou Hongsheng Beverage Co Ltd on 4 June 2007, companies controlled by Zong's wife and daughter.
On 21 December 2007, Danone and the Chinese partner agreed to suspend their legal battle and resume negotiations. In 2009, Danone Group exited the joint venture by selling their 51% stake to Wahaha Group for an estimated $500 million.
Background Founded in 1987, Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co. Limited was originally a sales company owned by the government of Hangzhou's Shangcheng District. From its creation, Zong Qinghou has led and grown the business, exercising control over the day-to-day operations. In 1995, Peregrine Investments Holdings introduced Zong to Danone, and discussions about joint ventures began. A joint venture agreement was signed on 28 March 1996. Major parts of the drinks business were injected into the joint venture, and Zong became its chairman whilst remaining the managing director of the holding and operating companies. In the melée of the company's transformation from a state-owned enterprise to a private company, Zong became an important minority shareholder.
Joint venture holding structure The foreign partners took 51%, while the Chinese partners held 49% (of which WHH holds 39% and employees own 10%).
Foreign partners' holding structure Groupe Danone and Peregrine together invested US$70 million in return for the stake in five joint venture WHH companies. The holding was held through a Singapore registered entity called Jinjia Investments Co (), the board of which consisted of two Danone representatives, and Francis Leung Pak-to (梁伯韬) from Peregrine.合资公司达能取得控股权的缘由 "Wahaha communiqué: The truth behind the Wahaha dispute with Danone", Sina, 13 April 2007
In April 1998, just before the news of Peregrine's collapse broke, Leung was replaced on the board by a third representative from Danone. Although a transfer of shares in the WHH companies would have required State approval under the rules in force at the time for protecting state assets, the shares in Jinjia were not covered. When Peregrine collapsed, and transferred its Jinjia shares, Groupe Danone became majority owner. Zong has alleged that this transfer of ownership was a bad-faith takeover by stealth.
Scope of joint venture On 28 March 1996, five joint venture companies were formed: Hangzhou Wahaha Baili Foods 杭州娃哈哈百立食品有限公司 Hangzhou Wahaha Health Foods Co 杭州娃哈哈保健食品有限公司 Hangzhou Wahaha Foods Co 杭州娃哈哈食品有限公司 Hangzhou Wahaha Beverages Co 杭州娃哈哈饮料有限公司 Hangzhou Wahaha Quick Frozen Foods 杭州娃哈哈速冻食品有限公司
The business had grown into 39 joint venture entities by 2007, and the total injected capital amounts to US$131 million.
In 2006, the turnover of the joint ventures contributed €100 million to the top line of Danone, and in excess of 5% of Danone's total net profit.另一张底牌 (another hidden card)Wahaha – atypical commercial dispute , Caijing, 185, 14 May 2007
Non-joint venture companies When the joint venture agreement was inked, five other WHH companies remained outside the scope of the joint venture.
At the end of 2006, total non-joint venture companies reportedly had equity of ¥5.6 billion and profits of ¥1.04 billion. In December, Zong had agreed to sell these to Danone for ¥4 billion.
The Hangzhou Wahaha Guangsheng Investment Co. () ("GUANGSHENG") established in 2003 with registered capital of ¥50 million, is a key non-JV entity. Its shares were held by Zong and the union in a ratio of 60:40. Its capital was later increased to ¥80 million. The following companies were its subsidiaries or associates, with holdings ranging from 39 to 60 percent :谁拥有娃哈哈？ (who owns wahaha?)"Wahaha – atypical commercial dispute" , Caijing, 185, 14 May 2007 Hangzhou Wahaha Children's Clothing Co. 杭州娃哈哈童装有限公司, est. 2002 Changsha Wahaha Beverages Co. 长沙娃哈哈饮料有限公司 Harbin Shuangcheng Wahaha Foods Co. 哈尔滨双城娃哈哈食品有限公司 Jian Wahaha Beverages Co. 吉安娃哈哈饮料公司
The shares of Hangzhou Wahaha Children's Clothing Co. () founded in 2002, were initially held by Guangsheng, but were transferred out in August 2003, in an "interesting series of share transfers". It is now 65% owned by Zong, 10% by his wife, and 25% by Platinum Net Ltd.
The Hangzhou Wahaha Food and Beverage Sales Co. () "WHHFBSC", registered on 19 December 2006, is an external company allegedly now the centre of a parallel distribution network. 10% of its share capital is held by Zong's wife, Shi Youzhen, and 90% by Zong's personal vehicle Ever Maple Trading Ltd., registered in the British Virgin Islands. Its legal representative is Zong's daughter Zong Fuli.
Zong set up non-jv owned factories, such as the Hangzhou Xiushan Shunfa Packaging Co. (), to manufacture or pack products identical to WHH. Danone further alleges that dealers were asked to set up new bank accounts for their deposit payments in the name of WHHFBSC to sell products from these factories.达能：调查开始了 (Danone investigation begins) Wahaha – atypical commercial dispute , Caijing, 185, 14 May 2007
Trademarks The Wahaha trademark was assigned to the main joint venture vehicle on 29 February 1996, and a joint venture agreement was eventually signed on 28 March 1996. Danone insist that the joint venture agreement with valid and exclusive rights of production, distribution and sales of products under the Wahaha brand, for which Danone paid Hangzhou Wahaha Group the sum of RMB 100 million, including 50 million from the joint venture vehicle.商标权之争 (trademark dispute) Wahaha – atypical commercial dispute , Caijing, 185, 14 May 2007 Local government approval was obtained. However, WHH maintains that rules in force stipulate that trademark transfer agreements must be approved by the National Trademark Bureau, while local government powers are limited to a veto. The transfer was denied by the National Trademark Bureau according for the rule safeguarding national assets.娃哈哈与达能关于商标权纠纷的真相 Wahaha communiqué: The truth behind the Wahaha dispute with Danone, Sina, 13 April 2007 Although the regulations over the transfer of trademarks was apparently lifted in October 2001, the parties signed an additional contract in October 2005 covering the use of the trademark covering company names and products.
Day to day management control Danone agreed to terms of joint venture which did not give it much involvement, allowing the day-to-day running of the company rested in the hands of Zong,Russell Flannery, How To Lose In China, Forbes, 18 June 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2007 while he continued in his autocratic ways. Zong has even boasted about the managers sent by Danone whom he had sent packing.
Danone gave Mr. Zong room to move since "he operates in a very entrepreneurial way, making a lot of decisions on his own." Up until just before the conflict became public, Zong was allowed to pursue his own commercial strategy through external ventures where Danone had no wish to be. However, Danone felt that it was time to claw back a stake in the external ventures.
Beginning of public row Danone had made several attempts to buy out Zong, but was rebuffed. Danone and Zong signed a deal in December 2006, allowing Danone to buy out the non-JV operations. However, Zong had second thoughts about the deal and reneged, claims he could not carry his co-investors, according to The Wall Street Journal. Zong claims the offer was rejected as it was underpriced,Wahaha president accuses Danone of setting up disputed units, Forbes, 27 June 2007 and wanted to squeeze more out of Danone.
On 3 April 2007, the war of words started with an article on Xinhua's website entitled "Wahaha victim of low-ball buyout by Danone" which stated that the board had rejected Danone's attempt at a "hostile takeover" of Wahaha for ¥4 billion. The article was written by a Xinhua journalist to whom Zong had given an "internal reference" document in the hopes of influencing political leaders on the fate of Wahaha.孤注一掷 (final throw) Wahaha – atypical commercial dispute , Caijing, 185, 14 May 2007
On 10 April, Danone issued a statement implying that Zong was in breach of his agreement with Danone by having entered into joint ventures with other partners with rights to use the brand. Zong had been accused of selling identical products using the Wahaha brand outside of the joint ventures, and Danone demanded a 51% stake in these. Danone sent a warning letter to Zong, in his capacity as the chairman of the Wahaha joint ventures, giving 30 days for WHH to stop illegally selling products under Wahaha trademark without proper authorization.
Zong said that Emmanuel Faber had personally authorised the setting up of the units outside the scope of the joint ventures. Danone concedes that in around 2003, it allowed Zong to become a minority partner in businesses that made Wahaha products outside their joint-venture structure, apparently because local governments often preferred to have Zong personally as a partner.James T. Areddy & Deborah Ball, Danone's China Strategy Is Set Back, The Wall Street Journal, Page A10, 15 June 2007 By 2005, Danone realized Zong controlled as many as 20 external businesses making drinks, and claims these represented approximately 25% of Wahaha products. Danone estimates that Zong had established in excess of 80 unauthorised companies using the WHH brandname between 2001 and 2006.
Zong set up externally owned factories to produce products identical to WHH, and Danone alleges that dealers were asked to set up new bank accounts for their deposit payments in the name of WHHFBSC to sell products from these factories.
Danone, which had apparently been relying on the WHH distribution network to sell Danone brand products, also found itself being the victim of mis-channelling. Since the dispute has erupted, distributors and employees have come out in support of Zong, calling for a boycott of Danone products.Wahaha Staff Boycott Danone Takeover Attempt, 15 April 2007, Shanghai DailyVivian Wai-yin Kwok, , Forbes, 14 June 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2007
Legal moves While Danone has been seeking justice against HWG and Chairman Zong in the international arena, Wahaha has embroiled Danone in multiple attacks at a local subsidiary-level. Political leaders from both countries have called for an amicable solution to the dispute.James T. Areddy, Trademark Ruling Favors Wahaha, The Wall Street Journal, Page B5, 11 December 2007
Danone filed for arbitration in Stockholm on 9 May.Xinhua, Wahaha says its arbitration application accepted over trademark dispute with Danone, 18 June 2007 On 4 June, Danone filed suit in Los Angeles Superior Court against Ever Maple Trading and Hangzhou Hongsheng Beverage Co Ltd, as well as Zong's wife and daughter who run the two companies.Danone, Wahaha set for arbitration dispute in China , Agence France-Presse, France24, 18 June 2007
Ever Maple Trading Ltd is the controlling shareholder of Hangzhou Hongsheng Beverage, which is the parent company of Hangzhou Wahaha Food and Beverage Sales for damages of US$100 million. Zong resigned as chairman of the joint ventures on 5 June 2007.