Rayonnant was a style of Gothic Architecture which was developed in France in the 13th century. It was the defining style of the High Gothic period, and is often described as the high point of French Gothic architecture."Encylclopaedia Britannica" on-line, ""Rayonnant" (by subscription) retrieved April 2024 French architects turned their attention from building cathedrals of greater size and height towards bringing greater light into the cathedral interiors and adding more extensive decoration. The architects made the vertical columns and supports thinner, made extensive use of pinnacles and mouldings. They combined the triforium gallery and the clerestory into single space and filled it with stained glass. They made extensive use of mouldings and bar tracery to decorate the exteriors and interiors.
Among the most prominent features of the Rayonnant style were the enormous rose windows installed in the transepts and facades, made possible by the use of bar tracery. The design of the windows gave the name Rayonnant ("Radiant") to the style."Encylclopaedia Britannica" on-line, ""Rayonnant" (by subscription)
The style was developed in the major reconstruction of the Abbey of Saint-Denis (1231) The first major church built in the new style was Amiens Cathedral (1220–1271). Later examples include Sainte-Chapelle, the royal chapel of King Louis IX of France (1248); the new north and south transepts of Notre Dame de Paris (1250–1270), and the church of Saint-Urbain de Troyes (1262).
Rayonnant cathedrals soon appeared outside of France. One of the first was Cologne Cathedral, begun in 1248. After an interruption from 1528 to 1832, the cathedral was completed in 1880. The style also spread to England with the construction of Westminster Abbey after 1245; it was amalgamated with other elements of English Gothic Architecture to form the Decorated style.
After the mid-14th century, Rayonnant was succeeded by the more ornate Flamboyant style.
Periods
Rayonnant () style is the third of the four phases of Gothic architecture in France, as defined by French scholars.Dominique Vermand, site Églises de l'Oise, presentation of Beauvais Cathedral – with a didactic timetable of French architectureL'Histoire, L'art gothique à la conquête de l'Europe It succeeded Classic Gothic, the style of Bourges, Chartres and Reims.
In the English division of Continental Gothic into three phases (Early, High, Late Gothic), it is the second and larger part of High Gothic.
After the mid-14th century, Rayonnant was gradually replaced by the more ornate and highly decorated Flamboyant style.
Name The term "Rayonnant" comes from the radiating spokes of the rose windows of the major cathedrals. The term was first used by 19th-century French art historians (notably Henri Focillon and Ferdinand de Lasteyrie) to classify Gothic styles on the basis of window tracery, though tracery was just one facet of the underlying style, and radiating rose windows can also be seen on earlier cathedrals, like Chartres and Reims.
Rayonnant in France The style originated during the reign of Louis IX of France, or Saint Louis, from 1226 to 1270. During his reign, France was the wealthiest and most powerful nation in Europe. Louis was devoutly religious and was a major patron of the Catholic Church and arts. The University of Paris, or Sorbonne, was founded under his rule, as a school of theology. The major Rayonnant cathedrals had his patronage, and his royal chapel, Sainte-Chapelle, which he built to house his extensive collection of relics of the Saints, is considered one of the major landmarks of Rayonnant Gothic.
Basilica of Saint-Denis rebuilding (1231) The Basilica of Saint-Denis, which had been the most influential initial building of Gothic style, developed problems of stability in the early 13th century. Therefore, the upper parts of the choir as well as the nave and the transepts were rebuilt beginning in 1231, opening up a greater amount of interior space (and altering beyond recognition some of the original Gothic features created by Suger). The walls were rebuilt with much larger windows, which opened up the upper elevation from the main arcades to the apexes of the vaults. The apse, once dark, was filled with light. In this campaign, the first triforia with windows were built. This was the onset of Rayonnant Gothic.
Amiens Cathedral
The construction of Amiens Cathedral had begun in 1220 with its western parts, in the more advanced version of Classic Gothic, similar to the eastern parts of Reims Cathedral, at the same time. Its builder, Bishop Evrard de Fouilly, set out to build the largest cathedral in France; one-hundred forty-five meters long, and seventy meters wide, with a surface area of 7700 square meters. The vaults are 42.5 meters high. The nave was completed by 1235.
After the necessary enlargement of the area enclosed by the city wall, in 1236, began the construction of transept and choir, which was completed between 1241 and 1269. Here, the innovations were applied, that had been initiated in the relaunch of Saint-Denis abbey church.
The western rose window was renewed in the 16th century in Flamboyant style. A close study of the tympanum in 1992 revealed traces of paint, indicating that it was entirely painted in bright colours. The original appearance is simulated today on special occasions with coloured lights.
Notre-Dame de Paris The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris also received a major makeover into the new style. Between 1220 and 1230, flying buttresses were constructed to replace the old wall buttresses, and to support the walls of upper level. Thirty-seven new windows were installed, each one six meters high, each with a double-arched window topped by a rose. (Twenty-five are still in place, twelve in the nave and thirteen in the choir.).
The first rose window of Notre-Dame was built on the west facade in the 1220s. In the Middle Ages, the rose was the symbol of the Virgin Mary, to whom the cathedral was dedicated. The west window was smaller, with thick spokes of stone. The larger transept windows were added in about 1250 (north) and 1260 (south), with much more ornate designs and thinner mullions, or ribs, between the glass. The north window was devoted to the events of the Old Testament, and the South to the teachings of Christ and the New Testament.
Le Mans and Tours Rayonnant spread quickly from the Île de France to other parts of France Normandy, in many projects already under construction. At Le Mans Cathedral in Normandy, the Bishop Geoffrey de Loudon modified the plans to add double flying arches and high windows divided into lancets, as well as a circle of new Rayonnant chapels. Tours Cathedral had an even more ambitious program, financed with the assistance of Louis IX between 1236 and 1279. Its most striking Rayonnant feature was the fusion of the windows of the triforium and high clerestory windows to create a curtain of stained glass, similar to that of Sainte-Chapelle.
Sainte-Chapelle (1248) Sainte-Chapelle, the chapel constructed by Louis IX for the relics of the Passion of Christ that he had brought back from the Crusades, consecrated in 1248, is considered the summit of the Rayonnant style. It served as a model of several similar chapels around Europe, in Aachen, Riom, and Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes at the edge of Paris. The glass was heavily coloured, the walls were brightly painted, and the portions of the walls not covered with glass were densely covered with sculpted and painted tracery.
Decorated Style in England An English derivative of the Rayonnant style began to appear in the middle of the 13th century. Thomas Rickman gave the English version the term "Decorated Period". English Historians sometimes subdivide this style into two periods, based on the predominant motifs of the designs. The first, the Geometric style (c.1245-1315), where ornament was more like that of the French Rayonnant, being based on the lines of the structure, followed by the Curvilinear style (c.1290-1360) which used S-shaped ogee curves.Smith, A. Freeman, English Church Architecture of the Middle Ages (1922), pp. 45–47
Henry III of England was the brother-in-law of Louis IX of France, and he had attended the consecration of Sainte-Chapelle in Paris in 1248. In 1245 he had begun reconstructing Westminster Abbey in the French style, using the French or French-trained master mason Henry of Reyns. The result was a curious combination of Classic Gothic, Rayonnant and English Gothic. The plan was based on Reims, the French coronation church, but with the long nave and transepts of an English cathedral like Salisbury. Likewise, the elevations combine the simple bar-traceried aisle windows and quadripartite vault of the Classic Gothic, the rose windows and carved angels of the Rayonnant, and the high tribune gallery, Purbeck marble shafting and surface ornamentation of the English Gothic. The Rayonnant features appear to have been introduced by a new mason, Master Albericus.
The style was soon used in other cathedrals and churches across England, particularly among projects patronised by the Court. At Salisbury Cathedral, otherwise an Early English building, a new chapter house and cloister were built, copying the design of those at Westminster, with four-light bar-traceried windows. Lincoln Cathedral saw the addition of the Angel Choir (1256–1280), with the first example of an eight-light window. The nave of York Minster (begun 1291) is an unusually orthodox Rayonnant building, with a low triforium, relatively thin walls and vaulting shafts that rise from floor to ceiling, and made York a centre of Rayonnant design, the influence of which can be seen at Howden Minster. Rather than importing the Rayonnant as a complete system, English masons saw it as merely a menu of new and exciting ornament with which to enrich buildings. Hence features like bar tracery, naturalistic carving and surface arcading were near-universally adopted very rapidly, while the verticality of continuous vaulting shafts did not catch on. English churches remained comparatively low and thick-walled, but with larger and more ornate windows punched into them. However, one lasting legacy of the Rayonnant was the abolition of the tribune gallery, which had been a feature of Norman times, in favour of the narrow band of triforium arcading. The popularity of this feature can be seen in its insertion into previously two-storeyed elevations at Exeter and Chester.
Even the elements of Rayonnant architecture which had been adapted were quickly abandoned when new forms appeared in the 1290s. The introduction of the ogee curve and the split cusp in Court circles mean that the rigidly logical geometrical tracery patterns of arches and circles were replaced by flowing tracery, ushering in the Curvilinear Decorated style. However, in the 1330s the ideas of the Rayonnant were again taken up at Old St Paul's (chapter house) and Gloucester (east end), with vertical shafts and vast windows dissolving the mass of the wall and introducing the final style of English Gothic: the Perpendicular.
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