Roslan Bakar (1971 – 15 November 2024) and Pausi Jefridin (1985 – 15 November 2024) were a pair of drug traffickers convicted and sentenced to death for a joint 2008 drug trafficking case. Roslan, a Singaporean, and Pausi, a Malaysian from Sabah, were both charged for the trafficking of 96.07g of diamorphine (pure heroin), and tried together in the same trial for the offence, before they were given the death penalty on 22 April 2010.
A controversial point of the men's cases were that the pair had low IQ, and human rights activists urged the government of Singapore to commute their death sentences to life imprisonment on account of intellectual disability. Roslan was reportedly diagnosed with borderline intelligence while Pausi had an IQ of 67. However, the courts of Singapore had rejected the men's appeals to be re-sentenced and upheld that the men did not have an abnormality of the mind and were well aware of the magnitude of their crimes.
Both Roslan and Pausi were originally scheduled to hang on 16 February 2022, but their executions were temporarily stayed due to an appeal, and two years later, both men were hanged in Changi Prison on 15 November 2024.
Arrests and drug trafficking trial On 14 June 2008, 23-year-old Pausi Jefridin, a Malaysian national from Sabah, was arrested by the Central Narcotics Bureau (CNB) at a public car park in Choa Chu Kang, after he was completing a drug transaction under the secret surveillance of the CNB officers. A total of 96.07g of diamorphine (pure heroin) were recovered by the police, and the amount of drugs seized was more than six times the minimum amount that mandated the death sentence under the Misuse of Drugs Act. Another three suspects were also caught for the same offence.
During the investigations, the police uncovered that the drug transaction was masterminded by a Singaporean named Roslan Bakar, and on 18 July 2008, 37-year-old Roslan was arrested at his stepbrother's flat in Teban Gardens, therefore becoming the fifth and final person in the case to be charged. At the end of investigations, Roslan and Pausi were both confirmed to stand trial, while the remaining three suspects – Mohamed Zamri Mohamed Sopri, Nuradaha Putra Nordin and Norzainy Zainal – became prosecution witnesses against the pair.
The two men stood trial at the High Court for one count of trafficking 96.07g of diamorphine and one count of trafficking 76.37g of methamphetamine. The prosecution charged that both men were involved in the drug smuggling operation and based on their case, Roslan and the three witnesses met up at a coffee shop in Lengkok Bahru and he directed the others to conduct a drug transaction, which took place in Choa Chu Kang and Pausi was present at the location to facilitate the transportation of drugs. In their defences, Pausi did not deny he was present at the scene but stated he was there to collect money from Roslan under the request of someone named "Bobby" and was unaware of the drug transaction, while Roslan totally denied his involvement in the crime, adding that he was at another place in Singapore and never gone to Lengkok Bahru or Choa Chu Kang when the offence was committed. Roslan claimed on the Saturday morning of 14 June 2008 (the same date of his crime), he was at his mother Medah Dollah's house in the morning and after lunch, Roslan met his stepbrother Shamsubari Jaafar at the Turf Club at Pasir Panjang, where Roslan stayed until 7pm, and met his nephew Muhammad Abu Hassan at the MacDonald’s restaurant at West Coast for an hour at 9pm, before he went back to his mother's flat for the day.
On 22 April 2010, after a trial lasting 15 days, Justice Choo Han Teck delivered his verdict. Justice Choo found that Pausi's defence was weak and too vague, and his story was unconvincing enough to downplay the strength of the prosecution's case. Justice Choo also rejected Roslan's alibi defence, noting that while Roslan's mother indeed had a routine of cooking lunch for her son on Saturday afternoons (including 14 June 2008), Roslan's mother could not recall clearly if her son was at home before lunch and the testimony of Roslan's stepbrother did not satisfactorily corroborate Roslan's alibi, and hence, he rejected Roslan's alibi defence, and further dismissed Roslan's allegations that the CNB officers used excessive force on him when he was arrested. Justice Choo additionally noted that Roslan testified in court that he never knew Pausi and they only met for the first time after his arrest, which was contradicted by Pausi's assertion that he met Roslan before for the payment pertaining to drugs, and accepted Pausi's evidence on this part.
For these above reasons, Justice Choo concluded there were sufficient grounds to convict the duo of drug trafficking. As a result, both 39-year-old Roslan Bakar and 25-year-old Pausi Jefridin were found guilty of capital drug trafficking and sentenced to death by hanging.
Appeal processes Direct appeal and re-trial petitions After they were sentenced to hang, both Roslan Bakar and Pausi Jefridin filed a direct appeal to the Court of Appeal. On 17 March 2011, the Court of Appeal dismissed the appeals of the two men.
Roslan later filed a petition for a re-trial and sought to introduce new evidence to prove that he was being framed by other suspects as part of a conspiracy. However, this appeal was rejected on 30 November 2015.
Re-sentencing plea A year after the first appeals of both Roslan and Pausi were rejected, Singapore decided to amend its death penalty laws in July 2012, imposing a moratorium on all 35 executions in the country, including Rosman's. The changes, which took effect in January 2013, gave judges the discretion to sentence drug traffickers to life imprisonment with a minimum of 15 strokes of the cane instead of the death penalty, provided they were only couriers. This option was available if the offender had received a certificate of substantive assistance from the public prosecutor for helping the narcotics police disrupt drug trafficking. Additionally, life imprisonment could be imposed if the offender was found to have diminished responsibility due to a mental illness that severely impaired their mental faculties, in which case the death penalty and caning would not apply.
In 2016, after failing to secure a re-trial, Roslan, together with his co-accused Pausi, filed appeals for re-sentencing by the High Court. The pair's main ground of appeal was diminished responsibility. Both men had claimed to be suffering from an abnormality of mind, as a result of their low intelligence and it amounted to intellectual disability. Pausi's lawyer Chung Ting Fai submitted that Puais was diagnosed with an IQ level of 67, and the psychiatric reports showed that he was unable to "think through his actions and consequences thoroughly". Roslan's lawyer Kertar Singh also argued that Roslan had an IQ of 74 and reduced intellectual functioning and he in turn had "limited capacity for judgement, decision-making, consequential thinking, impulse control and executive function", and further submitted that Roslan was merely a courier an did not instruct anyone to smuggle the diamorphine.
On 13 November 2017, Justice Choo Han Teck, the original trial judge of the two men's trial, rejected their re-sentencing petitions. Justice Choo found that the evidence before the courts did not persuasively show that Roslan and Pausi were suffering from an abnormality of the mind when the offence was committed, and they were able to comprehend the full magnitude of their actions. Justice Choo also noted that while Pausi may have acted as a courier in this crime, Roslan played a more central role in the drug transaction and "directed the actions of others involved, and orchestrated its moving parts".
In an unpublished decision in 2018, the Court of Appeal similarly rejected the re-sentencing pleas and upheld the death sentences of Roslan and Pausi after agreeing with the decision of Justice Choo.
Civil lawsuit in 2021 One of the men, Roslan, was also involved in a separate lawsuit related to allegations that private letters between death row inmates and their lawyers or families were being sent from prisons to the Attorney-General's Chambers (AGC). As a result, the inmates took legal action against the AGC and its officials, accusing them of misconduct, violating their rights, and seeking damages for any harm caused. Roslan, along with 21 other death row inmates (mostly convicted for drug trafficking), was represented by human rights lawyer M. Ravi in an effort to identify those responsible for sending the inmates' correspondence to the AGC. The lawsuit was dismissed on 16 March 2021, and the inmates, including Roslan, were ordered to pay $10 in costs. Later, Roslan, along with 12 other prisoners from the original group of 22 plaintiffs, filed civil suits against the Attorney-General of Singapore over this issue. However, their lawyer, M. Ravi, withdrew the lawsuit in November 2021, and he was required to cover over $10,000 in legal costs associated with the case.
Racial discrimination lawsuit In August 2021, Roslan was among 17 Malay death row inmates who appealed their sentences, alleging racial discrimination. They highlighted that between 2010 and 2021, Malays represented 66 out of 120 drug trafficking cases, with over 76% of them resulting in death sentences. Additionally, 50 of the 77 individuals sentenced to death during this period were Malays. Roslan and the others argued that racial bias influenced the prosecution of capital cases, pointing to the disproportionate number of Malays on Singapore's death row. However, on 2 December 2021, the courts dismissed the appeal, stating there was no evidence of racial discrimination in the treatment of the inmates. The allegations were considered an abuse of the court system, as they could damage the integrity and reputation of Singapore's legal system. The two lawyers representing the inmates, Cheng Kim Kuan and M. Ravi, were also ordered to pay S$10,000 in costs for bringing the case.
2022 execution attempts and respite About 12 years after they were first arrested, Roslan Bakar and Pausi Jefridin had their execution dates set, and in their death warrants, the two men were scheduled to hang on 16 February 2022. A third prisoner, drug trafficker Rosman Abdullah, was also scheduled to hang the following week on 23 February 2022.
The scheduling of the executions for Roslan and Pausi sparked significant controversy, as both inmates were reportedly diagnosed with low IQ. Anti-death penalty groups argued that the death penalty should not be carried out for them due to their intellectual disabilities. This issue was closely linked to the case of Nagaenthran Dharmalingam, who was also sentenced to death despite his alleged intellectual disability, and in spite of both local and international pleas for clemency. Nagaenthran was eventually hanged on 27 April 2022.
Represented by lawyer and political dissident Charles Yeo, Roslan and Pausi lodged last-minute appeals to delay their executions, and asked for a reopening of their previous appeals that were dismissed. Additionally, Yeo appealed to the High Court in a separate filing and sought to declare that the death sentences of his clients were unconstitutional. However, these applications were rejected by the courts. The Court of Appeal decreed in their full grounds of decision that the law did not bar the judiciary from executing offenders with their IQ being below 70, and noted that both appellants did not suffer from any abnormality of the mind based on the previous rulings of the Court of Appeal and evidence adduced to the courts, and there was essentially no new material in the last-minute appeals filed by the duo.