The Carnegie Steel Company was a steel-producing company primarily created by Andrew Carnegie and several close associates to manage businesses at steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, area in the late 19th century. The company was formed in 1892 and sold in 1901 in one of the largest business transactions of the early 20th century, to become a major component of U.S. Steel. The sale made Carnegie one of the richest Americans in history.
Creation Carnegie began the construction of his first steel mill, the Edgar Thomson Steel Works, in 1872 at Braddock, Pennsylvania.Nasaw, D., 2006, p. 144 The Thomson Steel Works began producing rails in 1874.Nasaw, D., 2006, p. 161 By a combination of low wages, efficient technology, infrastructure investment and an efficient organization, the mill produced cheap steel, which sold for a large profit in the growing markets of industrial development. Carnegie alone estimated that 40% was returned on the investment, i.e., a profit of $40,000 from a $100,000 investment in the mill.Nasaw, D., 2006, p. 170
The profits made by the Edgar Thomson Steel Works were substantial enough to let Carnegie and his partners, including Henry Clay Frick, his cousin George Lauder, and Henry Phipps Jr., buy other nearby steel mills. These included the Homestead Steel Works, which Carnegie acquired in 1883. The presence of the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio rivers provided transport for the heavy materials used in steel production. Each plant was near to or alongside a river.
Carnegie agreed to Frick's subsequent proposal that the various plants and assets, including H. C. Frick & Company, be consolidated into a single company. This consolidation occurred on July 1, 1892, with the formation of the Carnegie Steel Company.Nasaw, D., 2006, p. 396
Operations The company headquarters were located in the Carnegie Building, an early skyscraper in Downtown Pittsburgh. Built to show its use of steel in its construction, the building was fifteen stories high and was left uncovered for a full year. The Carnegie Building was demolished in 1952.
Carnegie Steel made major technological innovations in the 1880s, especially the installation of the open hearth furnace system at Homestead in 1886. It now became possible to make steel suitable for structural beams and, with the advanced work of George Lauder in arms and armament, for armor plate for the US Navy and the militaries of other governments, which paid far higher prices for the premium product. In addition, the plant moved increasingly toward the continuous system of production. Carnegie installed vastly improved systems of material-handling, like overhead cranes, hoists, charging machines, and buggies. All of this greatly sped the process of steelmaking and allowed the production of far vaster quantities of steel. As the mills expanded, the labor force grew rapidly, especially less skilled workers. The more skilled union members reacted with the unsuccessful 1892 Homestead Strike along with demands for reduced working hours and against pay cuts. After the unsuccessful strike the company continued to expand and profits grew year on year, with the company having earned net profits of $21 million in 1899.Nasaw, D., 2006, p. 578
J&L Steel was the most important competitor to the Carnegie Steel Company (and later to U.S. Steel) in the vicinity of Pittsburgh. +Carnegie OperationsNameLocationRail ServiceType of FacilityCarnegie Carrie FurnacesRankinUnion RRSteel Mill – 5 Blast furnace stacksClark worksPittsburghAllegheny ValleyHoops, bands, light railsDonora worksDonoraPgh, Virginia & Charleston Steel Mill – 2 Blast furnace stacksDuquesne worksCochranUnion RRSteel Mill – 4 Blast furnace stacksEdgar Thomson worksBraddockUnion RRSteel Mill – 11 Blast furnace stacksHomestead worksMunhallUnion RRSteel MillHoward axle worksHowardUnion RRForgeIsabella furnacesEtnaWest PennSteel Mill – 3 Blast furnace stacksLower Union MillsPittsburghAllegheny ValleyIron MillLucy furnacesPittsburghAllegheny ValleySteel Mill – 2 Blast furnace stacksMonessen worksMonessenPittsburgh and Lake ErieRolling Mill and Steel worksMcCutcheon worksAlleghenyPittsburgh and WesternHoops, bands, light railsPainter worksSouth SidePittsburgh and Lake ErieProcessingUpper Union millsPittsburghAllegheny ValleyIron MillGalvanizing plantSouth SidePittsburgh and Lake ErieProcessing
Sale The Carnegie Steel Company was sold in 1901 to U.S. Steel, a newly formed organization set up by J. P. Morgan.Nasaw, D., 2006, pp. 580–588 It sold at roughly $492 million ($ billion+ today), of which $226 million ($ billion+ today) went to Carnegie himself.Nasaw, D., 2006, p. 687 U.S. Steel was a conglomerate with subsidiary companies. This subsidiary company continued to use the same name, the Carnegie Steel Company, for the next 35 years after the 1901 amalgamation. In 1936 it was changed to the Carnegie-Illinois Steel Company, incorporating the name of the former Illinois Steel Company.
See also History of the steel industry (1850–1970) Illinois Steel Company
References
Further reading A standard scholarly biography, along with Nasaw and Wall.
Major biography along with Krass and Wall.
A standard biography along with Nasaw and Krass.
External links
Carnegie Steel Company Records, Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center.