The Saint-Sauveur Abbey Church is a Catholic church situated in Redon, in the French department of Ille-et-Vilaine, in the Brittany region. The church is located to the north of the former Saint-Sauveur Abbey of Redon, where it served as the abbey church until 1790. At that time, the abbey was suppressed, and the church was then assigned to the parish. The monastic buildings subsequently became a high school.
Construction started in the 11th century. From that period, the Romanesque nave remains, although five bays shortened it after a fire in 1780. The transept, constructed in the 12th century, is particularly noteworthy. Its crossing is reminiscent of contemporary structures in southwestern France, while the apse dates from the latter half of the 13th century. Its construction follows the very unified and rigorous principles of the Redon Gothic architecture of Île-de-France. The bell tower was constructed after the apse to create a monumental facade. The project was ultimately unfinished, leaving only the bell tower, which was separated from the church during the 1780 fire. A chapel was subsequently constructed on the north side of the apse, built around the mid-15th century for Duke Francis I of Brittany.
The church was designated a historical monument in the 1862 list, and the bell tower was similarly classified in 1875. It houses many historical monuments, including the tomb of Duke Francis I of Brittany. It also contains a Baroque retable in the choir, situated around the high altar. Two organs are also present: the great organ and the choir organ.
Location The church is situated on the north side of the Saint-Sauveur Abbey of Redon, near the town hall.
History
The construction of the church The abbey was founded in 832 and had a church built around 848, dedicated to Saint Stephen, located to the east of the current building. The Normans ravaged it, and it was later rebuilt for the first time by Abbot Ritcand (868-871) at the current location. Some parts of the north wall of the nave and the northern arm of the transept may date from this period. The new church was again destroyed, along with the monastery, by a second Norman raid in 920. The monks then left the abbey and wandered for several years in the Loire Valley, Burgundy, and Poitou.
The church was rebuilt again in the first half of the 11th century according to the principles of Romanesque architecture. It was one of the most imposing in the Duchy of Brittany and featured an apse with an ambulatory and radiating chapels. Around the mid-12th century, the crossing tower was constructed, inspired by prestigious buildings in Aquitaine.
In 1230, a fire caused severe damage to the Romanesque building. King Henry III of England and the Pope encouraged the church's reconstruction. However, a conflict between Duke John I of Brittany and the monks resulted in the latter's exile, which delayed the construction start. The monks returned in 1256, and construction began in 1260-1270. By 1276, the lower parts of the central nave and the radiating chapels were well advanced, as evidenced by the receipt of a crucifix and two silver statues of the Virgin and Saint John for the high altar. The upper parts were probably completed or nearing completion around 1300, as evidenced by the presence of stained glass in the high windows representing Dukes John I and also John II of Brittany, which were installed in the 17th century.
Construction resumed approximately a decade later at the western end of the building. The objective was to replace the Romanesque facade with a more substantial one. However, only the north tower was constructed, probably completed when the War of the Breton Succession started in 1341. The triumph of the Montfort faction resulted in the establishment of a ducal chapel in the abbey church, dedicated to Our Lady of Good News, more commonly referred to as the "ducal chapel," around 1440.
The abbey church after the Middle Ages
In the 1640s, the Benedictines of Saint-Maur assumed control of the abbey and initiated a program of reconstruction and modification. Among the changes implemented was the construction of a shed roof above the ambulatory, which blocked the triforium at the round part while leaving it open in the straight bays. Additionally, a large retable was installed in the choir around the high altar.
In 1780, a fire devastated the abbey church, resulting in the nave being shortened by five bays. This explains its separation from the Gothic tower, which was originally located at the facade. Furthermore, the nave vault was lowered, which led to the removal of the side windows and explains the lack of light inside.
In 1790, the abbey was suppressed. However, the church continued to be used for worship until 1794, when it was converted into a Temple of the Supreme Being. It was then returned to Catholic worship under the First Empire.
On November 10, 1799, Redon was taken by the Chouans after battles against the Republican garrison entrenched inside the abbey church. On June 4, 1815, the Chouans again captured the town but, lacking cannons, they could not dislodge the imperial soldiers entrenched in the abbey tower.
The edifice was designated a historical monument in 1862 for the church and in 1875 for the bell tower. The latter underwent restoration in 1898. The church was restored in 1910, and the alterations introduced by the Maurists were subsequently removed. An excavation campaign conducted between 1913 and 1914 did not yield any relics or evidence of pilgrimage.
The abbey church in the 21st century Since the French Revolution, the Saint-Sauveur Abbey Church of Redon has been a parish church, belonging in 2019 to the parish of Saint-Conwoion in the Pays de Redon. Mass is celebrated there every Sunday at 10:30 am. In September 2019, it hosted an exhibition on the theme of the pilgrimage to Saint James of Compostela.
Architecture
Facade
Before the 1780 fire, the facade of the building exhibited only the north tower, which was constructed as a separate structure from the outset. The initial project likely included another tower at the opposite end of the facade, which would have mirrored the north tower.
The tower is constructed from the same granite as the apse and exhibits a similar decorative scheme, comprising smooth basket capitals, false arcatures applied on three sides, and decorated with trefoils and quatrefoils. However, at the bell stage, two friezes of quatrefoils with angular traces, one at the base and the other at the top, as well as the rebated cordon at the base of the windows, rather reflect the art of the early 14th century. The different stages are served by a rectangular turret located at the southwest corner of the tower, containing a spiral staircase.
On the south wall of the tower, three doors remain unconnected to the proposed monumental facade. At the base of the tower, wall ribs were intended to support the aisles of the Romanesque nave; they rest on corbels shaped like inverted cones, of English origin, also observed at the same period in the transept of Notre-Dame de Guingamp. Other decorative elements indicate a kinship with the church of Guingamp, including capitals with stylized foliage and applied decoration. The entire spire, devoid of guardrails but opened by small dormers and adorned with eight-sided ridge turrets, is also similar to the Guingamp edifice.
The former facade, depicted in a 17th-century engraving, was a relatively simple triangular gable wall, supported by buttresses at the corners.
Nave
Constructed in the 11th century, the nave has three aisles. It is six bays long, but the initial construction was longer, having twelve bays. The five western bays were destroyed by the fire in 1780. The remaining structure is still 21 meters long. The elevation of the central nave initially had two levels: large arcades and high windows that allowed light to illuminate the nave. However, the 1780 fire necessitated lowering the vault and eliminating these windows, rendering the nave quite dark. Only the semicircular arches remain, with their simple arches falling onto simply chamfered abaci. These abaci rest on very thin, plain capitals, which were reshaped after the fire to give a Doric style to the plaster-covered ensemble. The capitals crown half-columns attached to square piers that predate them.
The north wall of the nave's collateral, the north transept wall, and the base of the south collateral are partially constructed with small cubic stonework, featuring flat stone courses and herringbone bonds. Some scholars posit that this architectural style may be a relic of the Carolingian church, or at the very least, a precursor to the Romanesque construction.
Transept
The nave opens into a transept with prominent arms. The four piers of the lower level of the transept crossing date back to the 11th century. They support a large dome on squinches. Each pier is topped with capitals that are the only remaining Romanesque capitals inside the church: two per pier inside the transept and two more on the side facing the nave. The capitals are carved in the shape of Corinthian baskets but decorated with particularly stylized volutes or vegetation, sometimes featuring a triangular mask. On the southern capital of the northeast pier, this mask has transformed into a human figure. This decoration is highly symmetrical.
The crossing tower was constructed in the 12th century, likely between 1100 and 1130. It comprises three levels. The first level is blind, with walls adorned with blind arcades, some of which rest on columns with capitals. The middle level is slightly recessed and features a series of open arcatures with rounded corners. Finally, the upper level, which is further recessed from the middle level, is open with a series of lower arcades than those on the middle level. In addition to the open and blind arcatures, the tower is decorated with irregularly placed stones of different colors in medium ashlar. This crossing tower is unique in Brittany and is inspired by Aquitaine models. The capitals on the second level feature compositions of leaves, scrolls, or interlaces reminiscent of those at the Sainte-Croix Abbey in Quimperlé. However, they are highly damaged, suggesting that they may have been carved by restorers based on those at Quimperlé.
Chevet
The chevet consists of three straight bays, followed by a five-sided apse, all surrounded by an ambulatory with five radiating chapels. On either side of the first bays of the ambulatory, two three-bay aisles house rectangular chapels. The entire structure is vaulted with quadripartite ribs. The width of the straight bays of the choir decreases as one moves toward the apse, which suggests that the Gothic building was likely constructed on the foundations of the Romanesque church.