The 2025 Philippine House of Representatives elections were the 37th lower house elections in the Philippines, and 27th as House of Representatives. It was held on May 12, 2025, within the 2025 Philippine general election. All 318 seats in the House of Representatives were contested in this election, including one seat for each of the 254 congressional districts in the country and 64 seats representing party-lists apportioned on a nationwide vote.
Lakas–CMD remained the most dominant party in the House of Representatives, with its candidates securing 103 seats for the 20th Congress, adding they would continue to support the presidential administration of Marcos. Akbayan topped the party-list vote with 2.7 million votes, and won the maximum three seats allowable under the law.
Martin Romualdez of Lakas defended the speakership, facing no opponents, and being elected overwhelmingly.
Background
In the 2022 election, parties aligned with the UniTeam alliance and eventual president Bongbong Marcos secured a supermajority of seats in the House of Representatives of the Philippines. Political observers noted that among those elected to the chamber, most came from "wealthy and influential families", which was associated with the vote-buying incidents observed in the election.
Upon the opening of the 19th Congress of the Philippines, Representative Martin Romualdez of Leyte's 1st district, a cousin of President Marcos, was elected as the speaker of the House of Representatives unopposed. Media outlets have noted that a number of positions in the house leadership were assigned to representatives related to the Marcos family, including senior deputy majority leader Sandro Marcos, the son of President Marcos, and chair of the accounts committee Yedda Marie Romualdez, the wife of Speaker Romualdez.
The 19th Congress saw considerable political realignment, with House representatives abandoning the former ruling party PDP–Laban for Lakas–CMD of Romualdez and Partido Federal ng Pilipinas of Marcos.
Electoral system
The Philippines uses parallel voting for its lower house elections. For this election, there are 317 seats in the House of Representatives; 254 of these are district representatives, and 63 are party-list representatives.
The 1987 constitution mandates that there should be one party-list representative for every four district representatives. District representatives are elected under the first-past-the-post system from single-member districts. Congress has the power of creating congressional districts. The constitution originally had 200 districts, but had increased in number since then to the current 254 that will be disputed in this election.
Party-list representatives are elected via the nationwide vote with a 2% election threshold, with a party winning not more than three seats. The party with the most votes usually wins three seats, then the other parties with more than 2% of the vote two seats. At this point, if all of the party-list seats are not filled up, the parties with less than 2% of the vote will win one seat each until all party-list seats are filled up. The electoral system, with the 2% threshold and the three-seat cap, encourage vote splitting; and encourage sectors to up separate party-lists for every sector so as not to waste their vote on just one party.
Political parties competing in the party-list election are barred from participating district elections, and vice versa, unless permitted by the Commission on Elections. Party-lists and political parties participating in the district elections may forge coalition deals with one another.
Redistricting In the Philippines, Congress has the power to create new congressional districts. Congress can either redistrict the entire country within three years after each Philippine census, or create new districts from existing ones piecemeal, although Congress has never redistricted the entire country wholesale since the approval of the 1987 constitution. Congress usually creates a new district once a place reaches the minimum 250,000 population mandated by the constitution.
New districts can also be created by creating new provinces and cities; in this case, it also must be approved by the people in a plebiscite in the affected places.
Changes from the previous Congress These are the districts, not contested in 2022, created by the 18th Congress that were either signed by then-President Rodrigo Duterte or had lapsed into law: Division of Maguindanao to Maguindanao del Norte and Maguindanao del Sur Maguindanao's 1st congressional district and Talitay (formerly Sultan Sumagka, part of the 2nd district) becomes the at-large district of the newly created province of Maguindanao del Norte. The rest of the municipalities included in Maguindanao's 2nd congressional district becomes the at-large district of the newly created province of Maguindanao del Sur. Enacted as Republic Act No. 11550 Approved in a plebiscite on September 17, 2022 Reapportionment of Agusan del Norte's 1st and 2nd districts Agusan del Norte's 2nd district and Las Nieves (part of the 1st district) becomes Agusan del Norte's at-large district. Butuan (part of the 1st district) becomes its own at-large district Enacted as Republic Act No. 11714. Division of South Cotabato's 2nd district to 2 districts Koronadal and its bordering municipalities shall remain as South Cotabato's 2nd district, while the westernmost municipalities shall become the third district. General Santos, the old 3rd district, becomes its own at-large district Enacted as Republic Act No. 11804.
Changes from the outgoing Congress No redistricting laws were passed by the 19th Congress.
Other changes made A Supreme Court decision regarding the Makati–Taguig boundary dispute, and the creation of new municipalities from the Special Geographic Area of the Bangsamoro caused changes in congressional apportionment. Reapportionment of Taguig/Pateros's 1st and 2nd districts, and Makati's 2nd district The three barangays remaining in Makati's jurisdiction after the Supreme Court awarded Taguig the 10 EMBO barangays after winning the Fort Bonifacio boundary dispute shall be retained as Makati's 2nd district. The EMBO barangays now under the jurisdiction of Taguig were originally not allocated to any congressional district by the COMELEC. The COMELEC later adopted a resolution by the Taguig City Council reapportioning the EMBO barangays to its 2 districts with Pateros, with the barangays solely bordering Pateros (Comembo, Pembo and Rizal) going to the 1st district, while the other seven barangays going to the 2nd district. Reapportionment of Cotabato's 1st and 3rd districts The Special Geographic Area that is still formally within Cotabato has been removed by the COMELEC from its congressional representation after the approval of incorporation of 8 new municipalities in plebiscites held in 2024. Because of this, the Bangsamoro asked Congress to create a new province out of the 8 new municipalities.
Summary of changes On June 21, 2024, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) confirmed that there will be 254 congressional districts to be contested in the election and 63 seats apportioned among the party-lists.
CategoryTotalCongressional districts in the current Congress253New districts from redistricting laws from previous Congress1Congressional districts in the next Congress254Party-list seats for the next Congress63Total seats for the next Congress317
Participating parties
In both chambers of Congress, members are organized into "blocs", akin to parliamentary groups elsewhere. In keeping with the traditions of the Third Philippine Republic which was under a two-party system, there are two main blocs, the majority and minority blocs; this is although the country is now in a multi-party system. Those who voted for the winning speaker are from the majority bloc, while those who did not (if there are more than two candidates for the speakership) will vote amongst themselves on who will be the minority bloc. Those who belong to neither bloc shall be the independent minority bloc. Members can also be from the independent bloc. Each bloc can have members from multiple parties. Only the majority and minority blocs have voting privileges in committees.
In the 19th Congress, the majority bloc is aligned with the administration of President Marcos.
In congressional districts + Parties in the House of Representatives at the end of the 19th Congress of the PhilippinesParty2022 resultsSeats before the electionBloc membershipPolitical affiliationVotesSeat(s) wonSeatsChangeMajorityMinority20222025 85 7 8 4 10 5 Others 72 colspan="4" Local parties 24 colspan="4" 5 colspan="4" Vacant colspan="2" 8 colspan="6" Total100%
Complete list These parties put up candidates at least in one congressional district. National parties:
Akay National Political Party (Akay) Aksyon Demokratiko (Aksyon) Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines (CDP) Katipunan ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (KANP) Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) Lakas–CMD (Lakas) Liberal Party (LP) Makabayan Nacionalista Party (NP) National Unity Party (NUP) Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC) Partido Demokratiko Pilipino (PDP) Partido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas (PDSP) Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP) Partido Lakas ng Masa (PLM) Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma (Reporma) People's Reform Party (PRP) Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (PMP) Reform PH Party (Reform PH) United Nationalist Alliance (UNA) Workers' and Peasants' Party (WPP)
Local parties:
Adelante Zamboanga Party (AZAP) Asenso Abrenio Asenso Manileño Filipino Rights Protection Advocates of Manila Movement (FRPAMM) Galing at Serbisyo para sa Mindoreño (GSP) Hugpong sa Tawong Lungsod (HTL) Kusog Bicolandia (Kusog) Makatizens United Party (MKTZNU) One Capiz (1CAPIZ) One Cebu (1CEBU) Padajon Surigao Party (PSS) Partido Navoteño (Navoteño) Sama-Sama Tarlac (SST) Unang Sigaw (Sigaw) United Bangsamoro Justice Party (UBJP) United Negros Alliance (UNEGA)
In party lists
+ Party lists in the House of Representatives at the end of the 19th Congress of the PhilippinesParty listSeats before the electionBloc membershipMajorityMinority Vacant—Total
Complete list These are the party-lists that were approved by the COMELEC to appear on the ballot, ordered by ballot number.
Retiring and term-limited incumbents Each representative is limited to three full consecutive terms in office, with voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term for which he was elected.
Term-limited A total of 51 representatives have been elected three consecutive times in regular elections and are barred from seeking another congressional term in 2025.