The siege of Antioch occurred in 1268 when the Mamluk Sultanate under Baybars finally succeeded in capturing the city of Antioch. Prior to the siege, the Crusader Principality was oblivious to the loss of the city, as demonstrated when Baybars sent negotiators to the leader of the former Crusader state and mocked his use of "Prince" in the title Prince of Antioch.
Prelude to the siege In 1260, Baybars, the Sultan of Egypt and Syria, began to threaten the Principality of Antioch, a Crusader state, which (as a vassal of the Armenians) had supported the Mongols. In 1265, Baybars took Caesarea, Haifa and Arsuf. A year later, Baybars conquered Galilee and devastated Cilician Armenia.
As Steven Runciman relates in his last book about the Crusades, decades before the siege of Antioch (1268), prince Bohemond IV of Antioch had settled his court in the city of Tripoli, capital of his other state, the County of Tripoli. In 1268, the Antiochene knights and garrison were under the command of Simon Mansel, Constable of Antioch, whose wife was an Armenian woman who was related to Sibylla of Armenia, wife of prince Bohemond VI.
Siege of Antioch In 1268, Baybars besieged the city of Antioch, which was "badly defended by its patriarch and abandoned by most of its inhabitants,"Joseph Michaud, History of the Crusades, Wm. Robson, trans. 3 vols. (London: Routledge, 1881), Vol. 3, p. 17. capturing it on 18 May (the citadel fell two days later) after a relatively feeble defense.Michaud, History of the Crusades, vol. 3, pp. 17–18; Jean Richard and Jean Birrell, The Crusades, c. 1071-c. 1291 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 419. Antioch had been weakened by its previous struggles with Armenia and by internal power struggles, and its inhabitants were quick to agree to a surrender, on the condition that the lives of the citizens within the walls would be spared.
Before Baybars' forces laid siege to Antioch, the Constable Simon Mansel, along with a group of knights, led an unsuccessful attack against the Muslim army in order to prevent the city from being encircled. The defenses were in good condition, but the garrison was unable to defend the long walls of the city. Mansel was captured during the Antiochene cavalry attack, and Baybars ordered him to command his lieutenants in Antioch to surrender immediately. The garrison refused to capitulate, and continued the defense of the walls.
Afterwards, lamenting that Antioch's ruler had not been present either for the siege or for the ransacking and murder, Baybars' secretary (who was also his biographer) wrote a detailed letter describing exactly what had been done to the people and the city:The letter is excerpted in Francesco Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984), 310; Richard and Birrell, The Crusades, 419; Michaud, The History of the Crusades, vol. 3, p. 18.
Michaud after quoting the letter of Baybars concludes the sacking thus:
Historian Thomas Madden concludes that the events and destruction following the siege of Antioch, "was the single greatest massacre of the entire crusading era."Thomas F. Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (3rd ed. 2014), p. 168
In addition, Ibn al-Furat also reported what happened:
Aftermath For three days Antioch was sacked, in which 17,000 persons were killed and 100,000 taken prisoners. 8,000 took refuge in the castle, but eventually surrendered. Baybars had the fortress burned, and the churches of St. Paul and St. Peter, and the other churches were destroyed or left in ruins. The monastery of Saint Simeon Stylites the Younger outside Antioch was also destroyed during the campaign.Samuel Noble and Alexander Treiger, "Introduction", The Orthodox Church in the Arab World, 700–1700: An Anthology of Sources (Cornell University Press, 2014), p. 32.
The Hospitaller fortress Krak des Chevaliers fell three years later.Richard and Birrell, The Crusades, 419. While Louis IX of France launched the Eighth Crusade ostensibly to reverse these setbacks, it went to Tunis, instead of Constantinople, as Louis' brother, Charles of Anjou, had initially advised, though Charles I clearly benefited from the treaty between Antioch and Tunis that ultimately resulted from the Crusade.
By the time of his death in 1277, Baybars had confined the Crusaders to a few strongholds along the coast and they were forced out of the Middle East by the beginning of the 14th century. The fall of Antioch was to prove as detrimental to the crusaders' cause as its capture was instrumental in the initial success of the First Crusade.
References
Sources