Maria Eugénia "Jenny" da Silva Neto (born 8 March 1934) is a Portuguese Angolan writer. She was the inaugural First Lady of Angola from 1975 to 1979. Born in Montalegre, she was educated in Lisbon, studying languages and music. She met Angolan medical student Agostinho Neto in 1948 and ten years later the couple married. Because of his anti-colonial activities, he was jailed multiple times, causing the family to move to Angola, Portugal, Cape Verde and eventually in 1962 to orchestrate an escape on Moroccan passports to Léopoldville, now in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In Léopoldville, he became the head of the Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, MPLA), but the following year, the family moved again to Brazzaville, when the MPLA was ousted. They relocated again to Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in 1968, where Neto began working with the (Organization of Angolan Women, OMA), publishing the organization's bulletins and writing radio broadcasts for the MPLA. She also began writing children's stories, but her works were not published at the time.
In 1975, Angola gained its independence from Portugal, Agostinho became President of Angola, and Neto became the inaugural First Lady of Angola. Besides serving as hostess of the nation, she was one of the founders of the (Union of Angolan Writers) in 1975, and worked with foreign museums to recover Angolan records from abroad. She also began publishing her children's literature. Her book (In the Forest the Animals Spoke, 1977) received the UNESCO honorary prize at the Leipzig Book Fair in 1978. According to the Union of Angolan Writers, this made her the first Angolan writer to gain international recognition.
After her husband's death in 1979, Neto focused on publishing his previously unpublished works and preserving his legacy. In addition to her own writing, she worked with other founders of the Children's Fund for Southern Africa to assist mothers and children in Southern Africa. She founded and became president of the (Antonio Agostinho Neto Foundation, FAAN) in 2007. Through the foundation, she pushed for completion of the Memorial Antonio Agostinho Neto in 2012. She has received numerous honors for her dedication to Angola's independence and for her writing, including Cape Verde's highest Honor, the Order of Amílcar Cabral in 2023, and the National Prize for Culture and Arts from the Union of Angolan Writers in 2011. In 2017, she was inducted into the (Angolan Academy of Letters).
Early life, education, and family Maria Eugénia da Silva, known as "Jenny" (or Geni), was born on 8 March 1934, in Montalegre in the Trás-os-Montes region of Portugal, to Maria Amelia da Silva. She attended convent school for six years. Her family moved to Lisbon, where she attended the National Conservatory of Portugal. In 1948, she met Agostinho Neto, an Angolan medical student at the University of Lisbon, and who was involved in various literary and anti-colonial movements. Agostinho's activities resulted in several arrests but he continued to write poetry and engage in activities designed to create pride in Angola's culture and a desire for national independence. Da Silva became one of his close friends and began to explore the issues of racial discrimination and the political problems it created for Africans. She studied drawing, foreign languages and music, while Agostinho completed his medical degree. They married in Lisbon on 27 October 1958, the day Agostinho graduated. He started working as a pediatrics specialist at Hospital de Dona Estefânia and took a course on tropical medicine while Neto prepared for the birth of their first child, Mário Jorge, at the end of 1959. In December, the family relocated to Luanda and soon after, Agostinho opened a private practice and his wife worked there as his assistant. In July 1960, he was arrested by (International and State Defense Police, PIDE) for his political activism. Protests by his supporters outside his clinic were quelled by the police, and to prevent further problems, Agostinho was returned to Portugal to be imprisoned.
Agostinho was exiled to Cape Verde in October, but Neto did not accompany him as she was expecting their second child. Irene Alexandra was born in July 1961 and in September, Neto and the children joined Agostinho on Santo Antão, Cape Verde, where he was working as a health inspector. They moved to Praia, when Agostinho was able to secure work in a hospital, but in 1962, he was transferred back to Lisbon. Securing permission to work at the Hospital de Santa Marta, Agostinho orchestrated an escape plan to get his family to Léopoldville, now in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The activists who had established the Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, MPLA) were in exile in Léopoldville and believed that should Agostinho become the leader of their organization, it would unite Angolan nationalists. Leaving his mother-in-law's home, Agostinho and his family secured passports from and passage to Morocco before they reached the Congo. His leadership was confirmed at a conference in December, and the following month, during another conference in Brazzaville, in the Republic of the Congo, Neto gave birth to their daughter Leda. At the end of 1963, the family relocated to Brazzaville, when the MPLA was expelled from Léopoldville. Agostinho's sister Ruth joined his family, when in April 1968 they relocated to Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Career Tanzania (1968–1975) In Tanzania, Neto began to work for the MPLA's women's wing, the (Organization of Angolan Women, OMA). The OMA had been established in December 1962, as a means to extend the MPLA's reach in rural areas. As most women lived in the countryside, the organization mobilized village women through seminars focused on building cooperation and practical skills, such as literacy campaigns, political and child care education, and sewing classes. Women became instrumental in the fight for independence, transporting food and other goods. The OMA sent women abroad for training to become nurses, radio operators, and guerrilla fighters. Neto was put in charge of publishing a bulletin in French and English that was sent to organizations abroad. She also wrote radio programs that the MPLA broadcast into Angola from Tanzania. She made crafts that could be sold to raise money to help children and organized activities with the University of Dar es Salaam to bring awareness to their programs.
During this period, Neto began to write children's books. In 1972, she penned (In the Forest the Animals Spoke), which would be published in 1977. At the Leipzig Book Fair in 1978, the book was awarded UNESCO's Honorary Prize. She wrote stories which were later published as a collection about their experiences during the independence struggle. One was about Hoji-ya-Henda, a guerrilla fighter; another about their escape from Portugal; one about the northern conflict in which all but 20 of the 200-member detachment were killed; and another about the donkeys which were used to transport goods. She also wrote a song to the bao-bab, a magical African tree, and a story about how stars formed. The last two were later submitted as part of Angola's contributions to the International Year of the Child in 1979. The Portuguese coup d'état in April 1974, suspended Portugal's military involvement in Angola, and in early 1975, the family returned to Luanda.
First Lady of Angola (1975–1979) On 11 November 1975, Agostinho was proclaimed president when Angola achieved independence. Neto became the first person to hold the position of First Lady of Angola. As first lady, she served as the hostess of the nation and made diplomatic missions abroad. Throughout their tenure, the Angolan Civil War, which erupted immediately following independence, brought instability to the country. Neto's MPLA party, backed by the Soviet Union and Cuba, and the (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, UNITA), backed by the United States and South Africa, fought for 27 years for control of the country. In an attempt to undermine the authority of the MPLA, UNITA used Neto's heritage as a Portuguese woman to assert that the MPLA was connected to the colonization of Angola. Agostinho countered that the MPLA represented racial collaboration uniting Black, White, and Mestizo people who fought together for Angola, whereas UNITA was backed by the South African Apartheid regime. Journalist Clarisse Juompan-Yakam reported that Neto expressed the difficulties she had "with white people being the first target during the liberation war".
Although she continued to serve on the OMA executive board and work with them on projects, Neto turned her attention to cultural development. She worked with museums in England, France, and the United States to collect and recover records and photographs about Angola. She was one of the founders of the (Union of Angolan Writers) in 1975, which began publishing her writings in 1977. Neto's and Gabriela Antunes's works led to a flourishing of children's literature in the early days of independence. Many of their books had political and nationalist themes. Scholars and Júlia Parreira Zuza Andrade, who reviewed this literary period in Angola stated that Neto's work (In the Forest the Animals Spoke) made analogies between the destruction of nature by man and the destruction of the nation by colonialism. It also spoke of caring for the guerrillas who were seeking protection in the forests, as they were trying to protect the nation. Agostinho died on 10 September 1979 in Moscow after traveling to the Soviet Union to undergo surgery for pancreatic cancer.
Writer and activist (1980–present) After Agostinho's death, Neto struggled with depression. She worked with writers Antero de Abreu and Dario de Melo to organize and publish Agostinho's previously unpublished poems. (The Impossible Renunciation: Unpublished Poems) was released by the (The National Institute of Books and Records, INALD) in 1982. In 1987, Neto; Jacqueline Jackson, US peace activist and writer; Miriam Makeba, South African musician and civil rights activist; Sally Mugabe, First Lady of Zimbabwe; Marcela Pérez de Cuéllar, wife of the Peruvian Secretary-General of the United Nations; and Dabanga dos Santos, a Mozambican attaché to the United Nations, formed a foundation called the Children's Fund for Southern Africa (CHISA). The organization was established to address problems, such as lack of education, food, health care, shelter, and adequate clothing for mothers and children in Southern Africa, which mainly stemmed from on-going conflicts. They created orphanages and collected materials in support of education and entertainment. They were also able to establish free health clinics in cities and mothers' brigades to run educational campaigns on health, disease prevention, and immunization in schools. Neto and others traveled to the United States in 1988 to raise awareness and support for their programs.