Artamonov (masculine) or Artamonova (feminine) is a Russian patronymic surname literally meaning "son of Artamon". It belongs to Artamonov noble family of Scottish origin.

Notable people with the surname include:

People (1916–1941), Soviet pilot and Hero of the Soviet Union Anatoly Dmitriyevich Artamonov (born 1952), Governor of Kaluga Oblast, Russia Anna Artamonova Igor Artamonov Inga Artamonova (1936–1966), Soviet speed skater, the first four-time Allround World Champion in women's speed skating history Leonid Artamonov (1859–1932), Russian military engineer, general, writer, geographer and explorer Mikhail Artamonov (1898–1972), Soviet historian and archaeologist Natalya Artamonova-Kurova Nikolay Artamonov (1906–1965), Soviet rocket scientist (1840–1918), military geodesist, member of Russian Astronomical Society, Chief of the Corps of Military Topographers of the Russian Imperial Army Olga Artamonova Yevgeniya Artamonova (born 1975), Russian volleyball player, who was a member of the Olympic medal winning national team Catena Artamonov, chain of craters on the Moon located near Artamonov crater Valentina Artamonova (born 1960), Russian politician

Fictional characters Protagonists in: The Artamonov Business, a 1925 novel by Maxim Gorky The Artamonov Business (film), a 1941 film based on the novel

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