The Berezwecz-Taklinovo Death Road was the path of the deadly compelled evacuation of inmates from the prison in the village of in occupied Poland (now part of the city of Hlybokaye in Belarus). The liquidation of the prison, carried out by the NKVD after the German invasion of the USSR, began on the night of June 23–24, 1941, with the targeted execution in the prison's basements of inmates deemed particularly dangerous. The next day, the remaining prisoners were rushed towards Vitebsk. During the 120-kilometer death march, they died en masse due to exhaustion, hunger, thirst and at the hands of the guards. The last stop on the 'road of death' was the Taklinovo kolkhoz (today ), where on June 28, the Soviets executed almost all the prisoners. Approximately 1-2 thousand people were murdered during the evacuation of the prison in Berezwecz.

Background

Berezwecz is now a part of Hlybokaye city in Belarus. In the interwar period, it was a village within the Second Polish Republic's borders. Its prominent feature was the church and monastery of the order of Saint Basil the Great. Under Polish rule, the church was reinstated to the Catholic Church, while the monastery functioned as the barracks of the Border Protection Corps.Criminal evacuation (1997), p. 84.

After the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, Berezwecz fell under Soviet occupation. The former monastery was repurposed as a prison. It was one of four Soviet prisons in the Vileyka Oblast. Soviet official documents referred to it as "Prison No. 28".Criminal evacuation (1997), p. 52. Sergeant of State Security Mikhail Nikolayevich Priyomyshev, served as the prison warden.Criminal evacuation (1997), p. 55.

Berezwecz prison primarily housed individuals apprehended in Hlybokaye, Braslaw, Dzisna, , , , Pastavy, Sharkawshchyna, and neighboring cities. It also detained residents from other Polish regions, including refugees from areas under German occupation. According to findings by the District Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation in Łódź, between September 17, 1939, and June 24, 1941, the NKVD executed an estimated 500 to 800 individuals within the prison premises.Criminal evacuation (1997), p. 86.

On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany commenced its invasion of the Soviet Union. With the rapid advancement of the German offensive, the NKVD exterminated political prisoners in the war zone. In the summer of 1941, within the part of Poland occupied by the USSR, an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 individuals in prisons and detention centers were murdered.Musiał (2001), p. 125.

The "death marches" or "death roads" were a characteristic method used to liquidate Soviet prisons in present-day western Belarus. Prisoners were forcibly taken from their cells and compelled to march east in scorching summer conditions for several days.Musiał (2001), p. 117. This 'evacuation' method led to mass deaths among prisoners due to exhaustion, hunger, and thirst. Some fell victim to German air raids, while others were massacred by Soviet guards.Criminal evacuation (1997), p. 42.

The course of events Beginning of evacuation

According to documents from Soviet archives, as of June 10, 1941, the prison in Berezwecz held 680 inmates. Additional NKVD records from June 1941 concerning the planned evacuation of the prisoners from Berezwecz to the Uzbek SSR indicated an intended evacuation of 678 inmates.Popiński, Kokurin i Gurjanow (1995), p. 109. However, it is certain that the number of prisoners was higher when the evacuation began. On the night of June 19–20, the Soviets initiated a fourth mass deportation from occupied Polish territories deep into USSR. Many of the deportees were temporarily confined in the cells of Berezwecz prison.Kalbarczyk (2011), pp. 4–5. Furthermore, after the German invasion began, the NKVD began mass arrests of alleged "enemies of the people". These individuals were not registered in the prison records.Criminal evacuation (1997), pp. 67, 88.

On June 23, 1941, the representative of the prison branch of the NKVD of the Byelorussian SSR, a head of the operational department named Pariemsky, who was in Maladzyechna at that time, called prison warden Priyomyshev and ordered him to immediately start evacuating prisoners.Popiński, Kokurin i Gurjanow (1995), p. 115. The liquidation of the Berezwecz prison began the same night. The Soviets managed to evacuate some prisoners east by train. According to documents from Soviet archives, on July 20, 1941, a transport with 261 prisoners evacuated from Berezwecz reached Kazan.Popiński, Kokurin i Gurjanow (1995), p. 113. However, most of the prisoners from Berezwecz were forced to move eastward on foot.Popiński, Kokurin i Gurjanow (1995), pp. 21, 112.

Before the "death march" commenced, the NKVD decided to execute some of the prisoners considered the most dangerous on the spot. Mass executions occurred on the night of June 23–24 in the prison's basements, where shots and screams were obscured by loud music blaring from megaphones. The extent of the massacre came to light after the Soviets fled from Berezwecz, when the families of prisoners searched the monastery for their relatives. They discovered dozens of corpses either buried in mass graves or bricked up in cells. Witnesses recalled that many bodies displayed signs of brutal torture, with ropes around their necks and their hands tied.Criminal evacuation (1997), pp. 87–88. Conservative estimates suggest several dozen people were killed that night within the prison.Musiał (2001), p. 124.Popiński, Kokurin i Gurjanow (1995), p. 22. However, some eyewitnesses claimed the number of victims ranged from 360 to as high as 800 individuals.Criminal evacuation (1997), p. 87. Investigations revealed that, apart from NKVD officers, Skroba, the secretary of the local VKP(b) committee, allegedly participated in the executions. He purportedly boasted, while under the influence of alcohol, of personally shooting 18 prisoners.Criminal evacuation (1997), pp. 69, 87.

Death march and massacre in Taklinovo

Preparations for the march began on the night of June 23–24. Prisoners were taken out of their cells and assembled in the prison yard starting at 2:00 a.m.Popiński, Kokurin i Gurjanow (1995), p. 65. The march itself commenced three hours later. Determining the precise number of prisoners evacuated from Berezwecz remains challenging due to conflicting information, even within Soviet archives. "The List of departures and movements of transports from NKVD prisons of the Byelorussian SSR" indicates 830 prisoners were evacuated on foot.Popiński, Kokurin i Gurjanow (1995), p. 112. In contrast, the report from the military prosecutor of the Vitebsk garrison, Glinka, noted a column of "916 convicts and prisoners under investigation".Musiał (2001), p. 118.Popiński, Kokurin i Gurjanow (1995), p. 119. However, the District Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation in Łódź estimated the number to be between 1,500 and 3,000 inmates evacuated from Berezwecz.Criminal evacuation (1997), p. 88. Along with the prisoners, members of the prison staff and their families were part of the evacuation.Criminal evacuation (1997), p. 89. Michał Bogowicz, a survivor of the "death march", estimated that the marching column extended 1.5 kilometers in length.

Shortly after leaving the prison gate, the column encountered a crowd of prisoners' relatives, hoping to see their loved ones and provide them with parcels of water, food, or clothing. However, any contact was obstructed by the guards, who used force, beating both prisoners and their family members and employing dogs to deter them. As the column departed Berezwecz, it traversed Kavali, Halubichy, Pieravoz, Ushachy, Saročyna, and Uła en route to Vitebsk. Throughout the several-day march, the prisoners were deprived of water and food.Popiński, Kokurin i Gurjanow (1995), pp. 65–66.Criminal evacuation (1997), pp. 88–90. Those unable to keep pace with the column, attempting to escape, resisting, or responding slowly to orders, were either shot or bayoneted by the guards. Surviving prisoners recounted that the column's path was littered with numerous corpses.Criminal evacuation (1997), pp. 89–90. Mass executions also occurred during the march. In the Saročyna area, prison warden Priyomyshev and five guards executed 27 or 32 prisoners in retribution for the escape of one of the inmates. Prosecutor Glinka reported in his findings that "on the way [...] Priyomyshev shot 55 individuals at different times and in two separate incidents".

On June 28, the "death march" reached its peak. On that day the column arrived in the town of Uła. Two Polish survivors later recounted that local residents displayed hostility towards the prisoners, hurling insults and even encouraging the escort to execute them, shouting, "Comrades, where are you taking these bandits, these Polish pigs? Kill them on the spot!"Popiński, Kokurin i Gurjanow (1995), p. 66. According to Bogdan Musiał, this incident may have influenced the subsequent actions of the NKVD personnel.Musiał (2001), p. 119.

Soon after, as the column crossed the bridge over the river Daugava, near the Taklinovo kolkhoz (today ), a German aircraft flew overhead and bombed the bridge. This airstrike incited panic among the prisoners. Subsequently, Priyomyshev ordered the massacre of the entire column. The guards opened fire with machine guns, resulting in the death of several hundred prisoners. Those wounded were then fatally shot, bayoneted, or struck with rifle butts.Criminal evacuation (1997), pp. 90–91.

Only a few prisoners survived and managed to escape to the forest or hide under the bodies of their murdered comrades. The Soviets caught some of the escapees with the help of the local population, and then took them to Vitebsk, and from there deeper into the USSR.Popiński, Kokurin i Gurjanow (1995), pp. 22, 67. The day after the massacre, five or six escapees were caught and shot in the village of Uboina (located on the right bank of the Daugava, 15 km northwest of Mikalajeva).

The perpetrators acted in such hurry that they did not dispose of the bodies, just forced some temporarily spared prisoners to pick up the corpses on the road and throw them into roadside ditches. It was only the next day that a special NKVD commando appeared at the site of the massacre and forced the kolkhozniks (collective farmers) from Taklinovo to collect the bodies of the murdered and bury them in five potato pits located in the nearby forest. After the Wehrmacht occupied this area, the victims of the massacre were exhumed and then buried in a large mass grave dug at the edge of the forest.Criminal evacuation (1997), pp. 91–92.

Victims

The number of victims of the "death road" remains difficult to determine. In his report on the evacuation of NKVD prisons of the Byelorussian SSR, prepared on September 3, 1941, the deputy head of the NKVD Byelorussian SSR's prison administration, lieutenant of state security Opalev, stated that "up to 600 people" were shot.Popiński, Kokurin i Gurjanow (1995), p. 117. "The List of departures and movements of transports from NKVD prisons of the Byelorussian SSR", as well as the report of military prosecutor Glinka indicate that during the evacuation the guards killed 714 prisoners.Popiński, Kokurin i Gurjanow (1995), pp. 112, 119. Polish prisoner Paweł Kożuch, who survived hidden under the bodies of other victims, claimed that he heard NKVD men count the bodies and come to 1773.Criminal evacuation (1997), p. 91.