Enchantment is a term widely used to describe something delightful, possibly magical, that causes a feeling of wonder. It has been adapted by a range of scholars across multiple disciplines, especially anthropology and sociology, and then later urban studies, to describe the ways in which people create moments of wonder in the midst of everyday life. British anthropologist Alfred Gell described art as "the technology of enchantment," permitting us to "see the real world in an enchanted form".Gell, A. (1992). The technology of enchantment and the enchantment of technology. In J. Coote & A. Shelton (Eds.), Anthropology, art, and aesthetics (pp. 40–63). Oxford: Oxford University Press. American sociologist George Ritzer uses the term enchantment in his analysis of consumerism and McDonaldization,Ritzer, G. (1999). Enchanting a disenchanted world: Revolutionizing the means of consumption. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press. making the argument that "enchantment of the consumer is necessary for the spell to work".Richards, G. (2001). The experience industry and the creation of attractions. In G. Richards (Ed.), Cultural attractions and European tourism (pp. 55-70). Oxon, UK: CABI Publishing, p. 59.

Enchantment engineers

A different strand was developed by Belgian scholar Yves Winkin, who highlighted the element of collusion between "enchantment engineers" (the people who create something requiring the willing suspension of disbelief) and visitors to locations where the illusion or wonder has been created to delight them.Winkin, Y. (2001). Propositions pour une anthropologie de l'enchantement. In P. Rasse, N. Midol, & F. Triki (Eds), Unité-diversité: Les identités culturelles dans le jeu de la mondialisation (pp. 169-179). Paris: L'Harmattan. Enchantment here is about experiencing a moment of unexpected pleasure or happiness, focusing not on times it occurs randomly, but when it results from someone's deliberate efforts.Winkin, Y. (1998). Le touriste et son double: Éléments pour une anthropologie de l’enchantement. In S. Ossman (Ed.), Miroirs maghrébins: Itinéraires de soi et paysages de rencontre (pp. 133-134). Paris: CNRS éditions. In these cases, enchantment refers to "places and landscapes created with the intention of inducing a state of euphoria in those who frequent them".Winkin, Y. (2001). Anthropologie de la communication – de la théorie au terrain. Paris: Le Seuil, pp. 215-216. Often people are not actually fooled by an enchantment, rather they choose to set aside their understanding of the everyday in order to participate in fooling themselves, so there is active collusion between engineers and visitors.

Initially the concept of enchantment was assumed to apply to places deliberately constructing illusions, such as Disneyland, historic sites, or carnivals.Winkin, Y. (2005). Communiquer a Cerisy. In E. Heurgon, et al. (Eds), Cent ans de rencontres intellectuelles de Pontigny à Cerisy (pp. 287-305). Paris: Editions de l'IMEC. Creating each of these contexts requires enchantment engineers to make certain design decisions in order to achieve specific responses from visitors. Disneyland has its own enchantment engineers, called "imagineers" (Walt Disney Imagineering). Ordinary people thus experience a world which has been deliberately prepared by professionals, a world different from their everyday reality. Many later discussions have described such contexts, including any location that draws tourists,Bertrand Réau, F. P. (2007). L'enchantement du monde touristique. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, 5 (170), 4-13. DOI 10.3917/arss.170.0004 but especially historic sites,Stock, M. (2021). Progress in French Tourism Geographies: Inhabiting Touristic Worlds. London: Springer Link. including historic buildingsDe Bideran, J. (2021). Digitization and staging of literary heritage in authors’ homes: The virtual visit of the Centre François Mauriac in Malagar. Culture et Musées, (38), 149-174. and the various ways attention can be drawn to them (as with unique lighting displays).Lovell, J., & Griffin, H. (2022). Unfamiliar light: The production of enchantment. Annals of Tourism Research, 92, 103328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103328

Enchantment and walking

Enchantment has been applied to walking and pedestrian behavior generally, first to historic walking paths (e.g., the pilgrimage to Compostela),Winkin, Y. (2005). Le Chemin de St Jacques comme performance enchantée. In M. Alizer & C. Kihm (Eds.), Fresh theory. Paris: Leo Scheer. and then more broadly to pedestrian behavior and urban experiences. Most often, the focus has been on places of enchantment located throughout a city.Lavadinho, S., & Winkin, Y. (2012). Vers une marche plaisir en ville: boîte à outils pour augmenter le bonheur de marcher. Lyon, France: Editions du CERTU (Centre d’Etudes sur les Réseaux, les Transports et l’Urbanisme). Much of this strand of research emphasizes amenities which are not only functional but aesthetically pleasing. This is a two-part process: someone (the enchantment engineer) has to design something, but then nothing noteworthy happens until other people come along to appreciate it (tourists or visitors, or just everyday pedestrians). In this case, visitors only need to be "ready to surrender to a brief denial of reality" for enchantment to occur.Lavadinho, S., & Winkin, Y. (2008). Enchantment engineering and pedestrian empowerment: The Geneva case. In T. Ingold & J. L. Vergunst (Eds.), Ways of Walking: Ethnography and practice on foot (pp. 155-167). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315234250 Such elements as pocket gardens in Geneva may create a moment of enchantment for those who pass by. The discovery of a garden where none was expected is thus understood as a source of enchantment bringing pleasure to those walking.Lavadinho, S.; Lebrun-Cordier, P.; Winkin, Y. (2022). La ville relationnelle. Bfluid Publishing. This in turn encourages the development of community among strangers within a city, so urban planners became interested.de Neergaard, M., & Jensen, H. L. (2020). Embodied ethnography in mobilities research. In M. Büscher, M. Freudendal-Pedersen, S. Kesselring, N. G. Kristensen (Eds.), Handbook of research methods and applications for mobilities (pp. 374-381). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. A frequent focus of study has been tourists in particular.Brahy, R., & Pattaroni, L. (2023). Commoning the touristic city: Urban pedestrian routes and the ambiguous politics of exploration. In I. Sánchez-Fuarros, D. Paiva, & D. Malet Calvo (Eds.), Ambiance, tourism and the city (pp. 113-136). London: Routledge. In 2021, a colloquium at Centre culturel international de Cerisy-la-Salle, a conference center in northwest France, examined what had been done with the concept by that point, resulting in a book.Brahy, R., Thibaud, J.-P., Tixier, N., & Zaccaï-Reyners, N. (Eds.). (2023). L’enchantement qui revient. Paris: Hermann.

Enchantment and art

In the 2020s, there has been a return to art as a source of enchantment, specifically examining the display of moving images onto buildings, fountains, or even trees in public spaces, and how these can bring about "moments of enchantment shared between members of the public". However, the focus on enchantment as "a type of encounter that is both unexpected and wondrous" remains the same.Dell'Aria, A. (2021). The moving image as public art: Sidewalk spectators and modes of enchantment. Palgrave Macmillan, p. 5 and p. 9.

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