List of historical separatist movements in North America

This is a list of historical separatist movements in North America. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.

Criteria What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

They are no longer an active movement with active members. They are demanded greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy). They were citizens/people of the conflict area and did not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy. Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state. Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession. De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region. Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control. Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession. Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations. Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities. Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).

List

Antigua and Barbuda

Political party: Antigua Labour Party

Bahamas Abaco Islands Political parties: Abaco Independence Movement (defunct) Progressive Liberal Party (PLP)

Barbados Culpepper Island

Proposed state: Lokono-Arawak Nation Political parties: United Confederation of Taino People (UCTP), Eagle Clan of Lokono-Arawaks (ECLA) Militant organisation: Indigenous Democracy Defense Organization (IDDO)

Belize

Political party: People's United Party

British West Indies

Political party: Caribbean League Secessionist entity: West Indies Federation

Canada

Autonomist

Acadia Political party: Parti Acadien Cape Breton Island Political party: Cape Breton Labour Party the Maritimes Political party: the Maritimes Ontario Political party: Northern Ontario Heritage Party Quebec Political party: Action démocratique du Québec

Secessionist

Nova Scotia Political: Anti-Confederation Party Ontario Political: Ontario Independence League, Northern Ontario Heritage Party Quebec Pressure group: Alliance Laurentienne, Chevaliers de l'Indépendance, Mouvement de Libération Nationale du Québec, Réseau de Résistance du Québécois Political party: Mouvement Souveraineté-Association, Option citoyenne, Parti de la Democratie Socialiste, Parti indépendantiste, Parti nationaliste du Québec, Option nationale, Ralliement National, Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale, Union des forces progressistes, Parti québécois, Union Populaire, Québec solidaire Rebel organization: Société des Fils de la Liberté, Frères Chasseurs, Comité de libération nationale (Quebec), Réseaux de résistance, Armée révolutionnaire du Québec, Front de libération du Québec Western Canada Political: Unionest Party, Separation Party of Alberta, Alberta Independence Party

Costa Rica

Political party: Independent Guanacaste Party

Dominica

Political party: Dominica Labour Party

Autonomist Kalinago Territory

Proposed state: Karifuna-Carib Nation Political parties: Kalinago Tribal Nation, United Confederation of Taino People (UCTP)

Haiti

Cacos (anti-US occupation)

Jamaica

Political party: Jamaica Labour Party, People's National Party

Leeward Maroons

Proposed state: Accompong Town Maroon Community Political organizations: Maroon Council

Mexico

Secessionist

California Republic Chan Santa Cruz Republic of Fredonia Republic of the Rio Grande Republic of Texas Republic of Yucatán Republic of Baja California Republic of Sonora

Nicaragua

Ejército Defensor de la Soberanía Nacional (anti-US occupation)

Panama

Kuna Revolution (Republic of Tule)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Carib Country (Black Carib Indigenous communities north of the Rabacca River: Orange Hill, Overland, Sandy Bay, Point, Owia and Fancy)

Proposed state: Yurumein Former reservations:Old Sandy Bay, Petit Bonum, Morne Ronde, Lariki, Grieggs Political parties: Campaign for the Development of the Carib Community(CDCC),, Caribbean Organisation of Indigenous Peoples Garifuna Indigenous People of St. Vincent and the Grenadines Inc (GIPSVG), United Confederation of Taino People (UCTP)

Trinidad and Tobago

Political party: People's National Movement Political party: Tobago Organisation of the People

United States

American Revolution Aztlán Confederate States of America Free State of Jones Republic of Winston Kingdom of Callaway Dade County, Georgia State of Scott Free State of Van Zandt New England's Secession Conventions of 1803, 1808, 1814, and 1843 Republic of New Afrika State of Franklin, secessionist North Carolina western territory (1784–1789) State of Muskogee, secessionist Florida territory (1799 - 1803) For historic Texas separatist movements, see Mexico, above. Republic of West Florida Conch Republic Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

Puerto Rico

Anti-Colonial National Liberation Movement

Puerto Rican Independence Movement Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño (PIP)

See also

List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies List of active separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations Lists of separatist movements

References