The Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India provides measures of autonomy and self-governance to the Scheduled Tribes in the hill regions of Northeast India.
Overview During the British Raj, the frontier regions of the Assam province populated by tribal communities were designated as "excluded areas" or "partially excluded areas". The North-East Frontier Tracts (present-day Arunachal Pradesh), the Naga Hills district (present-day Nagaland) and the Lushai Hills district (present-day Mizoram) were designated as "excluded areas", while the Khasi and Jaintia Hills region (in present-day Meghalaya) was designated as a "partially excluded area". The "exclusion" worked in both directions. The tribes were excluded from the legislature and the governance mechanisms of the Assam province. At the same time, the laws created for the province were excluded from application to the tribal areas. Essentially, the tribes governed themselves via their traditional systems, except for being asked to participate in the imperial interests such as taxation and road-building.
During the formulation of the Constitution of India, the Sixth Schedule was devised to continue these modes of governance, providing the tribes autonomy and to allow them to continue their own traditional systems of self-governance. The tribal areas in other parts of India were covered by a parallel Fifth Schedule with somewhat weaker forms of autonomy. The difference was justified by B. R. Ambedkar in the following words:
Autonomous district councils were granted under the Sixth Schedule to the following regions in the-then Assam state: Under 'Part A', the United Khasi-Jaintia Hills and Garo Hills (which are now in Meghalaya), North Cachar Hills and Mikir Hills (which continue to be in Assam), Lushai Hills (present day Mizoram) and Naga Hills (present day Nagaland). Under 'Part B', the North-East Frontier Tracts (now in Arunachal Pradesh) and Naga Tribal Areas (now in Nagaland). The 'Part A' regions were considered more developed and where democratic institutions could function, while 'Part B' regions were considered to be still in primitive stages at the time of establishment of the Indian constitution. The latter were administered under the discretionary powers of the Governor of Assam. Manipur and Tripura, having been princely states separate from the province of Assam, did not obtain the benefit of the Sixth Schedule, even though similar considerations might have applied to them.
When Naga Hills and Lushai Hills became states of India (as Nagaland and Mizoram respectively), these provisions became redundant for the states as a whole. However minority tribal districts in these states were granted the Sixth Schedule provisions in course of time. The North-East Frontier Tracts also became the state of Arunachal Pradesh. When Meghalaya was carved out of Assam, the Garo Hills, Khasi Hills and Jaintia Hills retained their Sixth Schedule status.
The state of Tripura formed an autonomous district council for its tribal areas in 1982 and requested that they be brought under the Sixth Schedule, which was granted in 1984.
Sixth Schedule districts
There are 10 Sixth Schedule districts in India.
+List of Sixth Schedule districtsSl. No.Autonomous CouncilState/UTHeadquartersFormation1Bodoland Territorial CouncilAssamKokrajhar20032North Cachar Hills Autonomous CouncilAssamHaflong19513Karbi Anglong Autonomous CouncilAssamDiphu19524Garo Hills Autonomous District CouncilMeghalayaTura19735Jaintia Hills Autonomous District CouncilMeghalayaJowai19736Khasi Hills Autonomous District CouncilMeghalayaShillong19737Chakma Autonomous District CouncilMizoramKamalanagar19728Lai Autonomous District CouncilMizoramLawngtlai19729Mara Autonomous District CouncilMizoramSiaha197210Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District CouncilTripuraKhumulwng1982
References
Bibliography
External links Sixth Schedule: Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, retrieved 14 February 2024.