The coinage of Cales concerns coins minted in Cales, a city in Campania, the most important urban center of the ancient Italic population of the Ausones.Livy, Ab Urbe condita libri, VIII, 16. Cales was located on the Via Latina, halfway between the mountains of Samnium and the plains of Campania felix, a few kilometers north of Casilinum (present-day Capua) and just south of Teanum Sidicinum.
The archaeological site is located in the municipality of Calvi Risorta, a short distance from the town.
The city minted coins in the period between 268 BC and the Second Punic War. The coins of Cales are included among those issued by colonies and allies of Rome, in an area centered around ancient Campania. After the Second Punic War, Cales, like most centers in Roman Italy, no longer minted its own coins and used Roman coinage centered on the denarius.
Traditionally numismatists treat Calenian coins as Greek coinage.Eckhel: Doctrina numorum veterum.
Cataloging No text specifically devoted to the coinage of Cales has been published. The text with the most extensive coverage is the one published by Arthur Sambon, a French scholar, entitled Les monnaies antiques de l'Italie, and published in Paris in 1903. The book treats, despite its title, only part of ancient Italy, namely central Italy and Campania. The coins pertinent to Cales are numbered from 885 to 973 and divided into silver coins (885-915) and bronze coins. These, in turn, are differentiated into three groups: those with the head of Pallas and the rooster (916-918), those with the head of Apollo and the man-headed bull, that is, a bull with a human face, surmounted by the lyre (919-953) or by a star (954-967), or with nothing (968), and those in which above the man-headed bull is depicted a winged Victory crowning him (969-973). Thus in the catalogs one finds a reference of the type "Sambon" followed by the number.
A less thorough but still sufficient analysis is found in Historia Numorum - Italy, a text published in Great Britain in 2001 by a group of numismatists coordinated by Keith N. Rutter. This text considers only the major types. Catalogs include a type reference "HN" or "HN Italy" followed by the number: 434 for the silver didrachm with Athena on the obverse and Victory on a biga on the reverse, 435 for Minerva and the rooster, and 436 for Apollo and the bull.
Other cataloging sources are the Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Generally, the most recent or most widely available ones are used, such as that of the American Numismatic Society, Copenhagen, and France. For bronzes, the Sylloge of the Morcom Collection, a British-based collection of bronzes from the Greek West, is also used. The catalogs contain an abbreviated Sylloge designation, such as "ANS," "Cop.", "France," or "Morcom," followed by the number of the coin depicted.
Historical context
The city, according to Livy, was conquered by the Romans in 335 B.C., and the following year it became a colony under Latin law, that is, a colony with administrative autonomy, the first in the area. The other cities in the area came into the Roman orbit, either as colonies or as socii, in the following period.
In 209 B.C., during the Second Punic War, twelve colonies, including Cales, sent legates to Rome, where they refused to give the aid that had been requested of them under the formula togatorum.Livy, Ab Urbe condita libri, XXVII, 9-10. With the war over, Rome deeply reduced the autonomy previously granted.Livy, Ab Urbe condita libri, XXIX, 15-37. Among the autonomies lost was the right of coinage.
Monetary context Monetary contextLocation of the centers
In the period between the First and Second Punic Wars, new coins with similar characteristics appeared in a group of cities linked to Rome.Rutter 1997, pp. 89-90
These are bronze coins that feature two types: one type shows on the obverse the head of Apollo turned to the left and on the reverse a man-headed bull, crossing to the right, identical to the one used in the coinage of Neapolis in the same period; the other features Minerva's head with Corinthian helmet on the obverse and a standing rooster on the reverse. These coins are similar in style to Roman coins of the same period.
Some of these cities exclusively minted coins with Apollo, others only those with Minerva, and others both.
In addition to the types mentioned, some of the cities also minted didrachms of Campanian foot and in addition other bronze coins with different types. The cities are all located in Latium adiectum, Campania, and the Volturno basin. MintApolloMinervaDidrachmOther bronzeAeserniaNowadays Isernia. × (S. 175-182) × (S. 183 / 184-189)Two types: Minerva / Eagle with snake in claws and Vulcan / Jupiter on chariot.AquinumNowadays Aquino.× (S. 166-170)CaiatiaNowadays Caiazzo.× (S. 974-976)CalesAt Calvi Risorta.× (S. 919-967)× (S. 916-918)× (S. 885-915)Athena / Victory on chariot.There is also a rare drachma commonly attributed to Cales.CompulteriaAt Alvignano.× (S. 1066-73)Demonym in Oscan alphabet, often mirrored.SuessaNowadays Sessa Aurunca.× (S. 877-884)× (S. 873)× (S. 852-869)Apollo / Naked rider on horse leading a second horse.× (S. 870-872)Head of Mercury / Hercules choking the lion.Teanum SidicinumNowadays Teano.× (S. 989-1002)× (S. 1004)Unlike the city's other coins, this one bears the demonym in the Latin alphabet: TIANO.× (S. 977-988)Hercules / Victory on triga.× (S. 1003)Mercury / Man-headed bull.TelesiaNowadays Telese.× (S. 174) Cataloging according to Sambon, 1903, in parentheses
The cities share not only types but also coins and some identifying marks, such as the recurring acronym ΙΣ. The symbols used to distinguish individual issues also tend to overlap, at least for the cities, with a more conspicuous number of issues. The symbols used also largely overlap with those on the coeval coins of Neapolis and Rome.Marchetti, pp. 443-478
These coincidences, the simultaneous presence of coins from these cities, in the treasures that have come down to us, alongside those from Neapolis and Rome, stylistic congruities and more, have led scholars to speculate on some form of common circulation and the existence of a common authority to control coinage.Rutter et al., p. 58Sambon, p. 343
Coins
Cast coinage In the past, a series of cast coins, which feature a kantharos on the reverse, has been attributed to Cales.Head, pp. 31-32Haeberlin, pp. 146-149Ernst Haeberlin, Die Systematik des ältesten römischen Münzwesen. Berlino. "Münzblätter", 1905 p. 33. According to Barclay Vincent Head, who quotes Ernst Haeberlin, the type on the reverse, a kantharos, would have indicated the city's two main activities: the production of Calenian wine and the manufacture of pottery. Head identifies the kantharos in this context with a calix ("cup" in Latin) and notes the similarity between the word calix and the name of the city. Sambon does not mention this series. This hypothesis is ignored by more recent authors or specifically rejected.Rutter et al., p. 51
This series is catalogued as Thurlow - Vecchi 254-260.Thurlow, Vecchi
Silver The city minted staters (or didrachms) of Campanian or Phocaean foot. The Campanian stater weighs 7.5 grams and is divided into two drachmas. The foot adopted was originally used by the colonies founded by the Phocians, such as Massalia and Velia. It was adopted by Neapolis and later by other cities in the area.
The obverse of the Cales didrachm features the bejeweled head of Athena, with Corinthian helmet adorned with feathers. There may be various symbols: on the helmet, behind the head. Sometimes there are letters under the neck in the Greek alphabet.Sambon, pp. 355-358 The type with the head of Athena is widely used in the coinage of the Greek world, such as in the coins of Athens and Corinth.Stater of Corinth.Tetradrachm of Athens in archaic style.
The reverse depicts Nike driving a chariot, holding a whip in her right hand and reins in her left. In the exergue is the demonym CALENO in the Latin alphabet.
Sambon catalogs the silver coins with the numbers 885 to 915. The main variants are determined by the position of the goddess and chariot: Athena turned to the left - left chariot (Sambon 885 - 887; 889 - 893) Athena turned to the right - right chariot (Sambon 888) Athena turned to the right - left chariot (Sambon 894 - 915)
The other variations on the reverse are the position of Nike's hands, right side up and left side down or vice versa.
More numerous are the variants on the obverse, which can differ in the symbol behind Athena's head (wing, bow, etc.), the decoration on the helmet (snake, cornucopia, pentagram), and the letter under the neck (Γ, Ω, Θ etc.). In all, Sambon classifies thirty-one variants. Others were catalogued later, as a result of finds and catalogs published later but still not substantially changing the overall picture. The style is that of the coeval coins of Neapolis.
The drachma
There are also drachmas attributable to Cales. Sambon describes (but does not catalog), in the part devoted to the city of Cales, after the staters, a drachma, found in the Vienna collection: male head (described dubiously as Apollo) on the obverse right and rooster on the reverse, behind an eight-rayed star.
Similar coins are illustrated in later published catalogs. One is in the Fitzwilliam Museum, part of the Mc Clean collection and described as pertaining to Cales.Grose 182, board 10 Three others are in the Budapest collection. While the first is described as pertaining to Cales, the other two, of considerably less weight and with poorer stylistic features, were judged by the curator to be Celtic imitation obols.SNG Budapest 358-360.
Bronze Two main groups of bronze coins were minted at Cales: those with Minerva/Gallus and the one with Apollo/man-headed bull; coins from the Apollo type have several main variants. In both cases they are fiduciary coins, that is, coins whose value is not determined by their metal content.
These coins are present, as well as in others, in the treasure found at Pietrabbondante (Bovianum Vetus) and described by Gabrici.Gabrici, pp. 645-656 The find is listed as IGCH (Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards) 1986, Noe 816, and Crawford RRCH 24.
The list of coins includes bronzes from some of the cities already mentioned: Rome 2 litrae (of the Apollo/ lion type and demonym ROMANO) Aesernia 13 Aquinum 1 Cales 25 Neapolis 126 Nola 3 Suessa 16 Teanum Sidicinum 1.
The finding is important for two points:
some coins from Neapolis are struck on coins from Cales (of the Apollo/bull type) and on coins from Aesernia; Minerva/Gallus type coins appear more worn than Apollo/Bull coins, which are fresher.
Three of the Cales coins are of the Minerva/Gallus type and the others of the various Apollo/man-headed bull types.
Minerva
The group of coins with the type of Minerva and the rooster is one of two groups of the bronze coinage of Cales. A. Sambon identifies three series characterized by the type of "Pallas" (Athena in French) on the obverse and a rooster on the reverse; the series are those numbered 916, 917 and 918.Sambon, p. 359
The head of the goddess, depicted on the obverse is turned to the left and wears a Corinthian helmet with a long hackle. This side of the coin is completed by a circle of dots. The helmet is worn on the nape of the neck leaving the face uncovered. The type depicted on the obverse is similar to that of the quincunx of LarinoQuincunx of Larino. and LuceriaQuincunx of Luceria. and other coins including a Roman litra.Roman litra. The variants of the Calenian coins of this group, as far as the obverse is concerned, are those determined by the position of the head (right or left) and the presence or absence of the demonym.