Children of the Ghetto is an 1899 play written by British author Israel Zangwill. It is loosely based on Zangwill's 1892 novel of the same name.The titles of both the novel and the play are sometimes erroneously given an initial "The". It is a drama in four acts, each with a subtitle and its own setting. The play is set around 1874, within the Jewish Quarter of London. The main plot centers on the love-affair of a young couple, thwarted from marrying by an obscure religious law and an unfortunate joke. The action of the play spans a hundred days time starting at Hanukkah.

It was first produced by Liebler & Company on Broadway, staged by James Herne, and starred Wilton Lackaye, Blanche Bates, and Frank Worthing.

Though successful in tryouts, the play and its author drew negative reactions from New York reviewers and the local Jewish community during its Broadway run.Tyler and Furnas, p.163 It closed after two months, and the production then moved to London during December 1899 but lasted only a week. The following US national tour had mixed success, garnering some praise but eventually losing money.Tyler and Furnas, pp.167-169 The play was never revived on Broadway, though a Yiddish adaptation was produced in the Bowery during December 1904.Nahshon, p.107 It was also adapted for the screenplay of a 1915 motion picture of the same name.

While it did not return its backers investment,Tyler and Furnas, p.167, where Tyler says the production had lost $75,000 by the end of its tour. scholar Edna Nahshon wrote that Children of the Ghetto "should not be judged by the conventional standards of theatrical success or failure".Nahshon, p.109 Its legacy was as the "first Jewish play presented on the Anglo-American English language stage".

Characters Only the principal speaking parts are given. Characters are listed in order of appearance within their scope.

Lead Melchitsedek Pinchas is an importuning Galician poet and self-proclaimed paragon of learning. Hannah Jacobs is Reb Schmeul's pretty daughter, who loves and honors her father. Reb Schmeul Jacobs is an Orthodox rabbi, strict in belief, but generous and kind-hearted. David Borden is a young man of the quarter who has returned from years in Cape Town. Supporting Michael Birnbaum is 30, president of a Reformed Synagogue, married to the much older Malka. Ephraim Phillips is a businessman of Polish heritage, married to Malka's daughter Milly. Sam Levine is a successful and hearty commercial traveler, engaged to Malka's daughter Leah. Milly Phillips is Malka's daughter by her first husband, and Ephraim's wife. Leah is Malka's other daughter by her first husband, engaged to Sam Levine. Malka is a widowed businesswoman, now remarried and head of her extended family. Esther Ansell is 12, daughter of Moses, outspoken and brave, mother to her younger siblings. Moses Ansell is an unworldly impoverished widower, a Yiddish-speaking peddler of great learning. Featured Guedalyah the Greengrocer is a Zionist neighbor to Milly and Ephraim. Simon Wolf is a labor-leader, for whom everything is political in nature. Sugarman the Shadchan is the quarter's matchmaker who usually works on commission. Shosshi Schmendrik is a shy carpenter, socially awkward, who unwisely has paid Sugarman in advance. Mrs. Belcovitch is a dried-up older lady with many maladies but energetic in dancing and disputes. Becky is Mrs. Belcovitch's buxom daughter, who refuses to honor the marriage contract with Shosshi. Mrs. Jacobs is Hannah's mother, who despairs of Reb Schmeul's generosity and Hannah's single state. Widow Finkelstein redeems Shosshi's belief that he too can find love.

Synopsis The play was never published during the author's lifetime, its first print appearance being in Edna Nahshon's From the Ghetto to the Melting Pot: Israel Zangwill's Jewish Plays (2006),Nahshon, p.61 which is the source for this synopsis.

Act I: The Letter of the Law (At Milly's house at the feast of Hanukkah.) Michael, Ephraim, and Milly greet Sam, who has returned from a business trip bringing a ring for his fiancé, Leah. The four are interrupted by Pinchas, who flogs his books and cadges a meal in the kitchen. Malka and Esther return from the market, followed shortly by Leah. Hannah arrives to collect donations for a charity. Sam shows everyone the ring, then jokingly puts it on Hannah's finger and recites the marriage vow. Pinchas warns them this was a valid marriage. He rushes off to bring Reb Schmeul while Esther fetches her father. Reb Schmeul says a Get must be prepared and Sam must give it to Hannah to effect a divorce. Moses Ansell prepares the document while Reb Schmeul instructs Sam in how to deliver it. The divorce is validated as the act ends. (Curtain)

Act II: The Spirit of Love (A ball at the People's Club, at Purim, 72 days later.) At the Purim ball Malka decries the secularisation of the modern holiday, as Leah and Milly waltz with men other than their husbands. Soon Michael comes to lead her into the dancing, while Sam Levine greets his old school friend David Borden, just back from Cape Town with a modest fortune from years of prospecting. Simon Wolf leaves the celebration to visit the labor hall. A little side story plays out involving Sugarman, Shosshi, Mrs. Belcovitch, and Becky. David rescues Hannah from a tipsy Pinchas; he has heard something of her from Sam, and she soon teases him with the story of her quick marriage and divorce. They like one another, but when David asks if her hypothetical future lover might feign piety, she replies that Truth must be the bedrock of any liaison. (Curtain)

Act III: The Letter and the Spirit (Reb Schmeul's study, on the Great Sabbath, 25 days later.)During this act occasional sounds of rocks being thrown against the house and mutterings of "Jew, Jew" are heard from outside the door. Also, three times during the act an old Irish woman enters the house after tapping at the door. She ignores and is ignored by others present. This is the Sabbath Fire Woman; at each visit she extinguishes a few more candles, until at the end of the act the stage is left in darkness. Reb Schmeul, Mrs. Jacobs, and Hannah have finished their Sabbath meal. Mrs. Belcovitch and Shosshi come to discuss a money quarrel, but are turned away as it is the Sabbath. Pinchas and Guedalyah ask Reb Schmeul to head up a fund for Jewish resettlement in Palestine. Hannah takes Mrs. Jacobs upstairs at Pinchas' entry. Guedalyah is told by Reb Schmuel he will consider it. Pinchas lingers to press his suit for Hannah, which her father sidesteps. Once Pinchas is gone, Hannah comes downstairs to tell her father of her betrothment with David. Reb Schmeul gives his permission then goes up to bed. Esther drops by next, to solicit Hannah's goodwill for her little brother. As she leaves, David surprises Hannah in the open doorway. She tells him the good news. Reb Schmeul, hearing the commotion comes down, and the three decide to celebrate. But a chance remark by David, that he is a descendent of Aaron and hence a Kohen, ruins the mood. Reb Schmeul cites the law: a Kohen may not marry a divorced woman. Sam's joke has destroyed Hannah and David's chance for happiness. David rages against this obscure law but is rebuked by Reb Schmeul. Hannah proclaims her love for David, but will not go with him in defiance of her religion. (Curtain)

Act IV: Love and Law (At the ghetto marketplace in front of Reb Schmeul's house, three days later.) The waning hours of the street market are shown before sundown on Friday. Many of the minor characters have their little moments getting ready for the Sabbath. Reb Schmeul gives all his money and even his coat to beggars. A noisy labor march comes through the street, led by Simon Wolf and Pinchas, embittered by Hannah's rejection. They mock the faithful getting ready for services and in turn are mocked by the pious. Reb Schmeul leaves the Synagogue to remonstrate with them, and they move off. David catches Hannah outside her house. He begs her to elope with him to America. She first agrees then relents, then agrees again, but when her father returns from services, she cannot bear to leave him. As the curtains are closed at the Jacobs' house, David hurls a rock in frustration. Hearing it strike, Mrs. Jacobs says it was a Christian rough. Reb Schmeul, thinking of the labor marchers, replies, "It is worse-- it is some Jewish rough". Hannah, sent to close the shutters, is confronted once more by David, but sends him away, while her father recites a prayer. (Slow Curtain)

Differences from novel The multi-threaded storyline of the novel was consolidated down to the romance of Hannah Jacobs and David Brandon.Nahshon, p.62 The character of Esther Anstell occupied a major place in the novel, but was reduced for the play. The role of Melchitsedek Pinchas was expanded in the drama by assigning him the actions of several minor characters from the novel, principally Old Hyams. The character of Levi Jacobs, Hannah's brother in the novel, was eliminated for the play, and that of Mrs. Jacobs reduced, to strengthen the relationship between Hannah and her father.Nahshon, p.63

Original production Background Liebler & Company had a successful production with The Christian,Tyler and Furnas, pp.144-145 an 1898 drama adapted from a novel by its author, Hall Caine.Tyler and Furnas, p.141 Looking for another novel to dramatise,Tyler and Furnas, p.149 partners T. A. Liebler and George C. Tyler came across Children of the Ghetto (1892). Tyler said they had been warned about Zangwill, that he was a polarising figure in the Jewish worldNeither partner was of Jewish heritage. Tyler's informant was likely Abe Erlanger, with whom he had a close working relationship for many years. and that he had antagonised American drama critics with an 1898 lecture tour. But Liebler & Company were sparing no expense, paying director James A. Herne $500 a week,Tyler and Furnas, pp.149-150 and casting ten popular stars of the day to woo audiences.Tyler and Furnas, p.162 There would eventually be forty-one speaking parts, and up to 150 people on stage during the fourth act marketplace scene.

The author was very much involved with casting and the play's production.Nahshon, p.70 The overall scenic design was by the author's brother, artist Mark Zangwill, while the settings were built by Frank E. Gates and E. A. Morange. William Furst composed a prelude, and incidental music for Act IV, drawing on traditional Hebrew songs. In order to establish the English copyright, the first performance of the play was done in near secrecy at Deal, England, on July 25, 1899.

Zangwill arrived in America by August 20, 1899, to begin working with director James A. Herne on staging Children of the Ghetto. Rehearsals began that week; a cast list from then shows actor Wilson Deal started in the role of Michael Birnbaum. By September 12, 1899, his name was replaced in advertising by Emil Hoch. Advertising in the weeks before the first tryout featured the play's title in extra large font, but by the day of the first tryout had been superseded by ads with "The Zangwill Play" in large font followed by the title within paranthese and in much smaller font. The ostensible reason for the switch was the September debut of a play called The Ghetto by Herman Heijermans,Nahshon, pp.80-81 but which a critic in New York would ascribe to the author's vanity.

Cast