This chronology presents the timeline of the Reconquista, a series of military and political actions taken following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula that began in 711. These Crusades began a decade later with dated to the Battle of Covadonga and its culmination came in 1492 with the Fall of Granada to Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. The evolution of the various Iberian kingdoms (including Aragon, León and Castile) to the unified kingdoms of Spain and Portugal was key to the conquest of al-Andalus from the Moors.Various Authors (2010). Iberia. Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology.
Chronologies of the Reconquista Numerous chronologies of the Crusades have been published and include the following. A Chronology of the Crusades, covering the crusades from 1055 to 1456, by Timothy Venning. Chronology and Maps, covering 1095–1789, in The Oxford History of the Crusades, edited by Jonathan Riley-Smith. A Chronological Outline of the Crusades: Background, Military Expeditions, and Crusader States, covering 160–1798, in The Routledge Companion to the Crusades, by Peter Lock. A Narrative Outline of the Crusades, covering 1096–1488, ibid. The Crusades: A Chronology, covering 1096–1444, in The Crusades—An Encyclopedia, edited by Alan V. Murray.Phillips, Jonathan. "The Crusades: Names and Numbers. Chronology". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. Important Dates and Events, 1049–1571, in History of the Crusades, Volume III, edited by Kenneth M. Setton (1975).Hazard, H. W. (1975). A History of the Crusades, Volume III. "The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries". Important Dates and Events. Historical Dictionary of the Crusades, by Corliss K. Slack. Chronology from 1009 to 1330. Oxford Reference Timelines: Crusades, 1095–1303;Timeline: Crusades, 1095–1303. Oxford Reference (2012). Spain.Timeline: Spain. Oxford Reference (2012).
8th century 705 9 October 705. Al-Walid I becomes Umayyad caliph, leader of the Moors.Rebate Jacobi (2012). “al-Walīd”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, et al. After 707
(Date unknown). Arab general Musa ibn Nusayr leads the Moors in capturing Western Maghreb, then under Visigoth control.Évariste Lévi-Provençal (2012). “Mūsā b. Nuṣayr”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, et al. (Date unknown). Musa ibn Nusayr becomes governor of Ifriqiya, with Tariq ibn Ziyad as his deputy at Tangier.L. Molina (2012). “Ṭāriḳ b. Ziyād”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, et al.
710
Estimated. Roderic becomes Visigothic king in Christian Hispania. 711
27–28 April. Tariq ibn Ziyad lands an invasion force of Arabs and Berbers at Gibraltar.The original name Mons Calpe was renamed Jabal Ṭāriq, "the Mount of Tariq", later corrupted into Gibraltar. This began the Muslim conquest of Spain. 19 July. The Visigoths are defeated at the Battle of Guadalete. Shortly thereafter. Roderic, the last Visigoth king, drowns while retreating.Thomas Hodgkin (1887). “Visigothic Spain.” The English Historical Review, Vol. 2, No. 6, pgs. 209–234. (Date unknown). Córdoba and Galicia are captured by the Moors. 712
July. Musa ibn Nusayr lands in Iberia with a follow-on force, and Medina–Sidonia falls shortly afterwards. Fall. Seville falls to ibn Nusayr's forces.R. Dykes Shaw (1906). “The Fall of the Visigothic Power in Spain.” The English Historical Review, Vol. 21, No. 82, pgs. 209–228.
713
5 April. Visigoth lord Theudemia of Murcia agrees to the Treaty of Orihuela with the Moors. 30 June. The city of Mértola surrenders to the Moors.
714
Spring. Ibn Nusayr and Ibn Ziyad complete their conquest of Hispania, now known as al-Andalus. Summer. The caliph orders ibn Nusayr and ibn Ziyar to return to Damascus. (Date unknown). Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa given the governorship of al-Andalus.Évariste Lévi-Provençal (2012). “ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Mūsā b. Nuṣayr”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, et al. (Date unknown). Abd al-Aziz marries Egilona, widow of Roderic.Simon Barton (2015). Conquerors, Brides, and Concubines: Interfaith Relations and Social Power in Medieval Iberia. University of Pennsylvania Press. pgs. 15–16.
715
February. Ibn Nusayr and ibn Ziyar return to Damascus to find the caliph dead, succeeded by his brother Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik.R. Eisener (2012). “Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, et al. (Date unknown). Musa ibn Nusayr is assassinated on the orders of Sulayman. 717
(Date unknown). Córdoba is established as the capital of al-Andalus. 718
Summer (year in question). Pelagius of Asturias defeats the Moors at the Battle of Covadonga, beginning the Reconquista.Alan Deyermond (1985). “The Death and Rebirth of Visigothic Spain in the Estoria de España.” Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos, Vol. 9, No. 3, pgs. 345–367. (Date unknown). Pelagius founds the Kingdom of Asturias.Amy Tikkanen (2010). Pelayo, King of Asturias. Encyclopedia Britannica. (Date unknown). The Moors conquer Barcelona.
719
(Date unknown). The forces of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz led by al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani capture the coastal city of Narbonne. (Date unknown). Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani becomes governor of al-Andalus. (Date unknown). Moorish occupation reaches its largest extent in Iberia and expands to Occitania.
720
(Date unknown). The Moors under al-Samh conquer Narbonne.
721
Early. The Moors establish garrisons in Septimania, beginning the Moorish invasion of Gaul. This included the County of Roussillon. 9 June. An army led by Odo the Great, the duke of Aquitaine, defeats the Moors at the Battle of Toulouse, stopping their progress westward from Narbonne into Aquitaine.Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Odo, King of Aquitaine. Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 4. 725
(Date unknown). The Moors under Anbasa ibn Suḥaym al-Kalbi complete their conquest of Septimania.
730
(Date unknown). After defeating the Saxons, Charles Martel turns his attention to the Moors, rivaling Odo the Great.Christian Pfister (1911). "Charles Martel". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 942–943. (Date unknown). Odo the Great marries his daughter Lampegia to Berber rebel Munuza, securing a peace.Ian Meadows (1993). The Arabs in Occitania. Saudi Aramco World.
731
(Date unknown). The Venerable Bede writes Ecclesiastical History of the English People.Charles Plummer (1911). "Bede". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 615–616.
732
May. The Moors led by Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Ghafiqi capture Bordeaux after defeating Odo the Great at the Battle of the River Garonne.
10 October. Charles Martel defeats the Moorish forces led by Abd al-Rahman at the Battle of Tours.William E. Watson (1993). "The Battle of Tours-Poitiers Revisited". Providence: Studies in Western Civilization. 2 (1): 51–68. 735
(Date unknown). Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj invades Gaul and is stopped by Charles Martel.
737
(Date unknown). Favila of Asturias succeeds his father Pelagius as the second king of Asturias. (Dates unknown). Charles Martel begins a campaign in Septimania which includes the following four sieges/battles:
Martel destroys a Moorish garrison at the Siege of Avignon. Following the destruction of Avignon, Martel fails in the first Siege of Narbonne.J. F. Verbruggen (2005). "The Role of the Cavalry in Medieval Warfare". The Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume III. Boydell Press. pgs. 55–56. After his failure at Narbonne, Martel defeats Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri at the Battle of the River Berre.Patrick S. Baker (2013). “The Battle of the River Berre: Charles Martel's Other Great Victory over the Moors.” Medieval Warfare, Vol. 3, No. 2, pgs. 44–48. Martel continues his campaign with the successful Siege of Nîmes. He then returns to France.
739
(Date unknown). Alfonso I of Asturias (the Catholic) becomes king and creates the buffer zone known as the Desert of the Duero. He married Ermesinda, daughter of Pelagius. 740 Early. The Berber Revolt results in several independent states created in North Africa. (Date unknown). Alfonso I of Asturias leads the Reconquest of Galicia, reestablishing the Kingdom of Galicia.
750
25 January. The Umayyads are defeated at the Battle of the Zab, leading to the Abbasid Revolution.Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Abbasids. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 919–920. 752
(Date unknown). Frankish forces under Pepin the Short begin the second Siege of Narbonne.
754
(Date unknown). The Mozarabic Chronicle of 754 is written.Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (2019). The Mozarabic Chronicle: Full Translation and Analysis. Pundicity.
756
14–15 May. The Umayyads led by Abd ar-Rahman I are successful at the Battle of Alameda, establishing the Emirate of Córdoba.David McDowall Hannay (1911). "Abd-ar-Rahman". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 31–32. 757
(Date unknown). Fruela I of Asturias (the Cruel), son of Alfonso I and Ermesinda, becomes king.
759
(Date unknown). Pepin reclaims Narbonne from the Moors.Christian Pfister (1911). "Pippin". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 635–636. 760 Pepin begins his expedition to Septimania and Aquitaine and conquers the cities of Carcassonne and Toulouse, and the County of Roussillon.Archibald R. Lewis (2010). The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050. The Library of Iberian Resources Online. 761
25 November. The city of Oviedo founded.Peter Linehan (1993). History and the Historians of Medieval Spain. Clarendon Press, pgs. 83–84.
768
(Date unknown). Aurelius of Asturias becomes king succeeding his cousin Fruela I the Cruel.
774
(Date unknown). Silo of Asturias becomes king, coming to the throne upon his marriage to Adosinda, daughter of Alfonso I.
777
(Date unknown). Charlemagne and caliph Harun al-Rashid pursue an Abbasid–Carolingian alliance.Arthur William Holland and Margaret Bryant (1911). "Charlemagne". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 891–897.Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Hārūn al-Rashīd. Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 37.
778
15 August. A contingent of Basques ambush Carolingian forces at the first Battle of Roncevaux Pass.Kennedy Hickman (2015). "Charlemagne: Battle of Roncevaux Pass". Military History. The 12th-century work The Song of Roland is based on this battle and the exploits of the legendary Frankish military leader Roland.John O'Hagan, translator (1998). . Fordham University.
781 (Date unknown). Louis the Pious named King of Aquitaine.Arthur William Holland (1911). "Louis I. (emperor)". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 28–29. 783
(Date unknown). Mauregatus (the Usurper) becomes king of Asturias. He was an illegitimate son of Alfonso I.Mauregatus of Asturias. The British Museum.
787
(Date unknown). Paul the Deacon writes the History of the Lombards.Patricius Schlager (1911). "Paulus Diaconus". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 789
(Date unknown). Bermudo I of Asturias (the Monk) becomes king.
791 1 January. The Moorish forces of Córdoba defeat a Christian force led by Bermudo I the Monk at the Battle of Río Burbia.Angus McBride. The Battle of the Burbia River. History Maps. 14 September. Bermudo abdicates and is succeeded by his cousin Alfonso II of Asturias (the Chaste). 793