Park Chan-kyong (; b. 1965 in Seoul, South Korea) is a South Korean media artist, filmmaker, and arts critic. Park is known for his advocacy of the revival of minjung art in the 90s through both exhibition organizing and writing.Shin Chunghoon, "The Artist as Historian in the Postcolonial Era," in Park Chan-kyong: Red Asia Complex (Seoul: MMCA, 2019), 11-28. With his first solo show in 1997, Park's career as a media artists working across photography, film, sculpture, and installation art took off, even as he continued to write criticism and curate shows. His multimedia works often deal with traumatic moments in Korean modern and contemporary history (e.g. the splitting of the Korean peninsula), the relevance of tradition in the modern age, and the shifting role of spiritual practices like shamanism in contemporary Korea.
After graduating from Seoul National University in 1988, Park was part of several collectives engaged with the legacy of minjung art, including the Art Criticism Research Group, Seongnam Project, and Art Space Pool. He curated exhibitions and collaborated on projects that concerned Korea's rapidly changing urban space, as well as wrote extensively for publications like Forum A (which he cofounded) on theoretical issues about contemporary Korean art. Park's artistic practice from the late 1990s continued to engage with core questions minjung artists had raised decades prior about the relationship between politics and art. He continued to explore the possibilities of utilizing documentary photography and archival material to examine the effects of Korea's rapid modernization with works like Sindoan (2008) and Manshin: Ten Thousand Spirits (2014). Through his curation of Mediacity Seoul 2014, Park attempted to expand his thinking to consider how artists across Asia utilize similar techniques and imagery to engage with trauma, leading him to continue drawing on the phrase "Asian Gothic" (a term he coined in 2007) in his writing.
Park has exhibited extensively at home and abroad—sometimes together with his brother filmmaker Park Chan-wook under the moniker PARKing CHANce. Together they won the Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2011 for their film Night Fishing (2011). Both brothers were temporarily blacklisted by the South Korean Culture Ministry under president Park Geun-hye's administration. The end of the blacklist has allowed Park Chan-kyong to resume his major film projects. Park will also have his first solo show in the US at the National Museum of Asian Art at the Smithsonian at the end of 2023. Park still lives and works in Seoul.
Early life Park was born and raised in Seoul with older brother Park Chan-wook. They were brought up as Catholic.Park Chan-kyong, "On Sindoan: Some Scattered Views on Tradition and the 'Sublime,'" translated by Doryun Chong, in Park Chan-kyong: Red Asia Complex (Seoul: MMCA, 2019), 157-172.
Education Park received a BFA in Western Painting from the College of Fine Arts at Seoul National University in 1988, and an MFA from the Photography and Media program at the California Institute of the Arts (Valencia, California) in 1995. While at Cal Arts, Park studied with artist Allan Sekula and filmmaker Thom Anderson.
Work
Minjung art Park was closely involved with the efforts in the 90s and early 2000s to revive Minjung art as an artist and critic, leading art historian Shin Chunghoon to declare Park as part of the wave of "post-Minjung art". Park wrote theoretical texts on the relationship between minjung art and modernism, founded publications like Forum A, and joined collectives like Art Criticism Research Group all in an effort to revitalize Minjung art.
Akin to earlier minjung artists and critics, Park has criticized Dansaekhwa and accused it of self-Orientalism.Park Chan-kyong, "The Way to Fukushima from Sindoan," interviewed by Cha Jeamin, translated by Lee Hojong, in Park Chan-kyong: Red Asia Complex (Seoul: MMCA, 2019), 259-283.
Art Criticism Research Group (1989-1993) Park was a member of the Art Criticism Research Group (미술비평연구회, Misulbipyeongyeongguhoe), a collective of critics whom Park described as the fourth generation of the Minjung art movement. Park called for the redeployment of montage and kitsch in an effort to reformulate the techniques and goals of Minjung art during the period of its decline.Park Chan-kyong, "Misurundong 4-saedaereul wihan noteu (Notes on the Fourth Generation of the Art Movement)," in Dosi daejung munhwa (City Mass Culture) (Seoul: Deokwon Gallery, 1992), 22-5, quoted in Shin Chunghoon, "Reality and Utterance: In and Against Minjung Art, in Korean Art from 1953: Collision, Innovation, Interaction (London and New York: Phaidon, 2020), 110. In addition to writing arts criticism, Park and the other critics organized a series of exhibitions in 1992 focused on Seoul's urban visual culture. Along with Beck Jee-sook, Park curated the show "City Mass Culture (dosi daejung munhwa)" in 1992. For the exhibition, Park presented an installation titled Life and Death of the Images (1992) composed of newspaper images of self-immolating protesters juxtaposed with souvenir photos of factory workers.
Forum A (1997-2005) Park cofounded the monthly magazine Forum A in October 1997 with Jeon Yong-suk and a group of artists, curators and critics, whose numbers grew to over sixty over time. The publication printed art criticism and translations of texts on art abroad in an effort to expand art discourse in the country.Sohl Lee, "Images of Reality/Ideals of Democracy: Contemporary Korean Art, 1980s-2000s," PhD diss., University of Rochester, 2014, footnote 167.
Seongnam Project (1998-1999) Park was part of the artist collective Seongnam Project (성남프로젝트, Seongnampeurojekteu), whose members included Kim Tae-heon, Kim Hong-bin, Mah In-hwang, Park Yong-seok, Park Hye-yeon, Son Hye-min, Yoo Ju-ho, Cho Ji-eun, and Im Heung-soon. The group focused on the relationship between art and public space in Seongnam, South Korea's first planned city, producing a range of works including documentary photography, a brochure, video, and installation art.Shin Chunghoon, "Reality and Utterance: In and Against Minjung Art, in Korean Art from 1953: Collision, Innovation, Interaction (London and New York: Phaidon, 2020), 98-115.
The collective came together when curator Lee Young-chul (who had also been a member of the Art Criticism Research Group) invited Park to participate in his upcoming show "98 City and Media: Clothing, Food House," at the Seoul City Museum of Art. Park proposed to make a collective work, and along with artist Kim Tae-heon, invited the other members, who were graduates from universities in Seongnam and Anywang where Park lectured. The group presented an installation at museum at Seoul, and presented a nearly identical version of the work at the Seongnam City Hall so Seongnam residents could see the installation as well.Sohl Lee, "Images of Reality/Ideals of Democracy: Contemporary Korean Art, 1980s-2000s," PhD diss., University of Rochester, 2014.
Art Space Pool (1999-2021) Park was one of the founding members of Art Space Pool (대안공간 풀, Daeangonggan pul). The collective of artists and critics, including those from Forum A, ran the alternative exhibition space in Seoul until April 2021.
Key artworks
Black Box: Memory of Cold War Images (1997) For Park's first solo exhibition at the Kumho Museum of Art, the artist focused on representations of the Cold War in Korea. The installation included a slide projector showing a series of mass media images along with his own memories of the Cold War.Choi Jong-chul, "Park Chan-kyong's Asian Gothic as 'The Most Sublime Hysteria' in Its Return," Third Text 30, no. 5-6 (2016): 456-473.
Sets (2000) Sets also featured a slide projection of 160 photographs. The photographs depict three different sets. One was a movie set of Seoul that is actually located in Pyongyang (these images were taken from South Korean journalist Im Jongjin's series from his sanctioned visit to Pyongyang in 2000). Another was a movie set replica of Panmunjom also functioning as a tourist site (Park took these photos). The last was a South Korean military's war simulation set. Park's presentation of "the cultural industry's impulse to fictionalize the 'other' Korea" alongside evidence of the ongoing reality of military and political tensions with the war simulation set explore the shifting national discourse and sentiment on the relationship between North and South Korea.Sohl Lee, "Seoul Tour/Pyongyang Express," in Being Political Popular: South Korean Art at the Intersection of Popular Culture and Democracy, 1980-2010, exh. cat. (Seoul: Hyunsil Publishing, 2012), 104-127.
Koreans Who Went to Germany (2002-3) During his residency at Akademie Schloss Solitude in winter 2002–3, Park presented a series of photographs and texts on miners and nurses who migrated to Germany from the 60s to the 80s. Park's writing for the series incorporated interviews from the Korean immigrants, explanations of working conditions, and the broader geopolitical context that brought the laborers there (e.g. the Korean government's history of exporting labor).Park Chan-kyong and Klaus Fehling, Koreans Who Went to Germany (Seoul: Noonbit Publishing Co. and Edition Solitude, 2003).
Sindoan (2008) Park's video integrates archival footage, documentary photography, and first-hand accounts from members from a range of religious groups who were forced out of an area on Gyeryong Mountain by authorities who wanted to make the mountain part of a national park in 1984.Mark Wilsher, "Park Chan-kyong and Lina Sleander," Art Monthly, no. 384 (Mar. 2015), 27-28.
Night Fishing (2011) Park worked with Park Chan-wook under the moniker PARKing CHANce to direct, produce, and write the short film shot using an Apple iPhone 4, and starring singer Lee Jung-hyun. The film centers on a shaman who is possessed by the spirit of a fisherman who uses the spiritual medium to speak to his family. The brothers won the Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2011 for the film.
Manshin: Ten Thousand Spirits (2014) Park's film focuses on one of Korea's most famous shamans: Kim Keum-hwa. Park sought out Kim after reading her autobiography, wanting to present 20th century Korean history via the perspective of a mudang.Jungmin Song, Review - Manshin: Ten Thousand Spirits, Asian Theare Journal 33, no. 1 (Spring 2016): 203-206. To create the film, Park wove together documentation on her life and work with archival footage of performances and interviews, but chose not to order scenes in chronological order. In particular, Park sought to highlight how the clash between the Korean spiritual tradition and a modernizing Korea shaped Kim's life as she escaped a police raid when authorities began to crack down on shamanistic practices under President Park Chung Hee's regime, and groups of local Christians sought to interfere with her rituals.
Small Art History (2014-19) Park created the installation for his solo show at the Institute of International Visual Arts in London, and then showed it again in 2017 for his exhibition at Kukje Gallery, and in 2019 at MMCA. The changing installation has consisted of reproductions of artworks ranging from the 14th/15th century Chinese painting Man Sleeping on a Bamboo Couch to Bahc Yiso's untitled concrete, rebar, and wire sculptures from 1994, images of shrines and temples, and photographs of artists like Lee Ungno. The wide array of images and objects are all accompanied by annotations written by Park.Park Chan-kyong and Lee Jiwon. MMCA Hyundai Motor Series 2019: Park Chan-kyong - Gathering, exh. cat. (Seoul: MMCA, 2019).
Citizen's Forest (2016)