Kalapuyan (also Kalapuya) is a small extinct language family that was spoken in the Willamette Valley of Western Oregon, United States. It consists of three languages.Berman, H. (1990). An Outline of Kalapuya Historical Phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics, 56(1), 27-59.
The Kalapuya language is currently in a state of revival. Kalapuya descendants in the southernmost Kalapuya region of Yoncalla, Oregon, published 100 copies of a comprehensive dictionary, with plans to expand.
Family division Kalapuyan consists of
Kalapuyan Northern Kalapuya (also known as Tualatin–Yamhill) Central Kalapuya (several dialects, including Santiam) Yoncalla (also known as Southern Kalapuya)
Genetic relations
Kalapuyan is usually connected with the various Penutian proposals. This was originally part of an Oregon Penutian branch along with Takelma, Siuslaw, Alsea and Coosan.Sapir, E. (1921). A Characteristic Penutian Form of Stem. International Journal of American Linguistics, 2(1/2), 58-67. A special relationship with Takelma had been proposed, together forming a "Takelma–Kalapuyan" or "Takelman" family.Frachtenberg, L. (1918). Comparative Studies in Takelman, Kalapuyan and Chinookan Lexicography, a Preliminary Paper. International Journal of American Linguistics, 1(2), 175-182.Swadesh, M. (1965). Kalapuya and Takelma. International Journal of American Linguistics, 31(3), 237-240.Shipley, W. (1969). Proto-Takelman. International Journal of American Linguistics, 35(3), 226-230.Kendall, D. (1997). The Takelma Verb: Toward Proto-Takelma-Kalapuyan. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63(1), 1-17. However, an unpublished paper by Tarpent & Kendall (1998)cited in: Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America, pp. 432-433. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. finds this relationship to be unfounded because of the extremely different morphological structures of Takelma and Kalapuyan.
Proto-language
Below is a list of Proto-Kalapuyan reconstructions by Shipley (1970):Shipley, William. 1970. Proto-Kalapuyan. In Swanson, Jr., Earl H. (ed.), Languages and Cultures of Western North America, 97-106. Pocatello: Idaho State University Press.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%" ! no. !! gloss !! Proto-Kalapuyan |- | 1 || all || *pu- |- | 2 || bad || *khaskha |- | 3 || big || *pala |- | 4 || bird || *twi(ː)ca |- | 5 || bite || *yiːk |- | 6 || black || *muː |- | 7 || blood || *nu |- | 8 || blow || *puː- |- | 9 || bone || *ca |- | 10 || burn || *y- |- | 11 || cold || *tuːku |- | 12 || come || *ma- |- | 13 || come || - |- | 14 || cut || - |- | 15 || dig || *hu- |- | 16 || dog || *tal |- | 17 || drink || *kʷh- |- | 18 || dry || *chakkaluː |- | 19 || dull || *tu- |- | 20 || dust || *skuːp |- | 21 || earth || *nuwa |- | 22 || eat || *kʷVnafu |- | 23 || egg || *pha |- | 24 || eye || *kʷhillaːk, *kʷhalliːk |- | 25 || fall || |- | 26 || father || *-fa- |- | 27 || father || *maːma |- | 28 || fear || *n- |- | 29 || fear || *yakla |- | 30 || feather || *lunka |- | 31 || few || *puː(n) |- | 32 || five || *waːn |- | 33 || flower || *puːk |- | 34 || four || *tapa |- | 35 || fruit || *kayna |- | 36 || give || *tiː |- | 37 || good || *suː |- | 38 || grass || *luːkʷa |- | 39 || green || *ci- |- | 40 || guts || *niːya |- | 41 || hair, head || *kʷaː |- | 42 || hand || *laːkʷa |- | 43 || he || *kʷawk |- | 44 || hear || *kapt |- | 45 || heart || *-uːpna |- | 46 || heavy || *kayt |- | 47 || hot || *ʔuːk |- | 48 || I || *chi |- | 49 || ice || *tic |- | 50 || kill || *tah- |- | 51 || know || *yukhu |- | 52 || lake || *paːɫ |- | 53 || leaf || *takhVɫ |- | 54 || left || *kay |- | 55 || liver || *paw |- | 56 || long || *puːs |- | 57 || louse || *t- |- | 58 || man || *ʔuːyhi |- | 59 || many || - |- | 60 || meat || *muːkhi, *muːkʷhi |- | 61 || mother || *naːna |- | 62 || mountain || *maːfuː |- | 64 || name || *kʷat |- | 65 || neck || *puː- -k |- | 66 || new || *pa(n)ɫa |- | 67 || nose || *nuːna |- | 68 || not || *waːnk |- | 69 || old || *yuː(k) |- | 70 || one || - |- | 71 || other || *wana |- | 72 || path || *kawni |- | 73 || person || *mim |- | 74 || pierce || *twa- |- | 75 || push || *t- |- | 76 || red || *c- -l |- | 77 || river || *cal |- | 78 || rope || *cal |- | 79 || round || *(wi)luː |- | 80 || saliva || *ta(w)f |- | 81 || say || *na(ka) |- | 82 || sea || *minlak |- | 83 || see || *huːthu |- | 84 || sew || *-aːkʷaː(t) |- | 85 || short || *-u(w)pna |- | 86 || sing || *kawt |- | 87 || sit || *tastu |- | 88 || sit || *yuː |- | 89 || sky || *yank |- | 90 || sleep, lie || *way |- | 91 || smell || *h- |- | 92 || snake || *(t)kaː |- | 93 || snow || *-uː(p)paː(y)k |- | 94 || split || *plVk |- | 95 || stand || *taːp |- | 96 || stone || *taː |- | 97 || straight || *yalk |- | 98 || suck || - |- | 99 || sun || *pyan |- | 100 || swell || *kuːf |- | 101 || swim || *kʷay(n) |- | 102 || tail || *tkuː |- | 103 || they || *k(ʷ)i(n)nVk |- | 104 || thick || *fip |- | 105 || thin || *kliʔk |- | 106 || think || *m- -t |- | 107 || this || *kʷus(a) |- | 108 || this || *haːs(a) |- | 109 || thou || *maː(ha) |- | 110 || three || *psin |- | 111 || throw || *kawi |- | 112 || tie || *takt |- | 113 || tongue || - |- | 114 || tooth || *ti |- | 115 || tree || *watVk |- | 116 || two || *kaːmi |- | 117 || walk || *ʔiːti |- | 118 || wash || *kaw(a)ɫ |- | 119 || wash || *cawC |- | 120 || water || *pk(y)aː |- | 121 || we || *stuː |- | 122 || what || *ʔa(k)kaː |- | 123 || white || *maw |- | 124 || wind || *-iːʈwa |- | 125 || wing || *wa(ː)n |- | 126 || ye || *mV(t)tiː |- | 127 || year || *miːcwa
References
Further reading Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. . Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. .
Paul Stephen McCartney Sr. "The Kalapuya Dictionary", 2021 Komemma Cultural Protection Association, Yoncalla, Oregon. Published in four volumes; (2 English-Kalapuya; 2 Kalapuya- English) www.gofundme.com f help-us-print-the-kalapuya-dictionary. Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (hbk); . Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).
External links
The Verbal Morphology of Santiam Kalapuya (Northwest Journal of Linguistics)