Criminal procedure law, also referred to as formal criminal law or formal procedure law, has been uniformly regulated in Switzerland since the enactment of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrimPC) on 1 January 2011. Prior to this, the Swiss legal system comprised 26 cantonal codes of criminal procedure, along with a federal Criminal Procedure Code that applied to specific offenses under federal jurisdiction. Additionally, separate Criminal Procedure Codes exist for military criminal law and juvenile criminal law; these have not been replaced by the federal Criminal Procedure Code.
Introduction Substantive criminal law specifies the rights and duties of individuals, and describes what behaviors are crimes, classifies them into different levels of seriousness, and lays out the punishments. It is governed by the Swiss Criminal Code.
Procedural criminal law, or formal criminal law, specifies the procedures for enforcing substantive criminal law. It governs how criminal cases are investigated, prosecuted, adjudicated, and how penalties are implemented. In Switzerland, formal criminal law includes criminal procedure, rules of evidence, defendants' rights, and enforcement of judgments.
Preliminary proceedings Criminal proceedings are structured into preliminary and main proceedings, with a distinction made between the investigation procedure and the investigative phase within the preliminary proceedings. If an appeal is filed against a verdict in the main proceedings or if a revision is sought based on new evidence, appellate proceedings may be initiated.Course of criminal proceedings (Memento of 1 June 2013 in the Internet Archive). Federal Department of Justice (PDF; 4 kB)
Investigation procedure The investigation procedure commences with either a private or official complaint (Art. 300–302). During this phase, the police conduct investigations and may make provisional arrests (Art. 306). Crime scenes are examined by the police, who then forward their findings to the senior public prosecutor's office (Art. 307 para. 3). The public prosecutor's office is responsible for deciding on further investigative actions and may choose to discontinue proceedings (Arts. 309, 310). As the primary authority in the proceedings, the public prosecutor's office can initiate and carry out preliminary investigations even in the absence of police involvement. Individuals arrested during pre-trial proceedings have the right to legal counsel from the outset (Art. 159), owing their lawyer to be present during police questioning. Following the initial questioning of the accused, a request to inspect the files of the criminal proceedings may be made, provided that essential evidence has already been gathered by the public prosecutor's office (Art. 101). However, access to these files may be restricted if there are concerns about the potential abuse of this right, if the content poses a security risk to individuals, or if there are interests related to public or private secrecy (Art. 102 para. 1, 149 para. 2 lit. e).
Investigation The public prosecutor's office is responsible for overseeing the investigation (Art. 61) and conducts interrogations of the accused and witnesses, either directly or through designated police members from the Confederation or the canton (Art. 142 para. 2). The Confederation or the canton may also authorize courts, the public prosecutor's office, and penal authorities to carry out various interrogations (Art. 142 para. 1). The public prosecutor's office gathers evidence from both the defense and the police (Arts. 311 and 313) in order to request coercive measures from the coercive measures court (Art. 224), such as remand. Any complaints regarding the actions of the police, the public prosecutor's office, or coercive measures are addressed by the appropriate federal or cantonal complaints authority (Art. 20). If no resolution is reached between the plaintiff and the defendant (Art. 316), the public prosecutor's office will make a determination on whether to proceed with an indictment or to discontinue the proceedings (Arts. 318, 319).
Main proceedings Upon receipt of the indictment, the court assumes authority over the proceedings based on the indictment and accompanying documents (Art. 328). If the court determines that a judgment cannot be issued based on these materials, it may abandon or suspend the proceedings or require the prosecution to supplement and correct the indictment and the files (Art. 329 para. 1-3). The prosecution is also allowed to amend the indictment if the court believes that the facts presented could constitute a different criminal offense. Additionally, it may include in the indictment any offenses that have come to light during the main proceedings, provided they fall within the court's jurisdiction (Art. 329 para. 4). Indictments that exceed the court's competence may be transferred to a competent court without appeal. A case may be dismissed by the court on all counts or individual counts upon the pronouncement of the judgment (Art. 329 para. 5).
Preliminary hearings The director of proceedings may schedule a preliminary hearing to clarify organizational matters with the involved parties or to facilitate settlement negotiations. If necessary, evidence that cannot be included in the trial may be collected during the preliminary hearing. Evidence that will be presented at the trial will also be disclosed (Art. 332).
Trial The accused is required to be present at the trial if the case involves a felony or misdemeanor, or if ordered by the director of proceedings (Art. 336 para. 1). Defense lawyers must always be present (Art. 336 para. 2). The public prosecutor's office may be absent from the hearing and participate by submitting a written request, provided that the required sentence is less than one year of imprisonment and they have not been requested to be present by the director of proceedings. If either the prosecution or the defense is absent without excuse, the trial will be postponed. If the defendant repeatedly fails to appear without an excuse, the trial may proceed in their absence (Art. 336-337). Private plaintiffs may be represented or submit written motions (Art. 338).
The trial begins with preliminary issues raised by the parties regarding the trial, the indictment, and the hearing. The court addresses and determines these issues immediately after hearing from the parties present. Once these preliminary matters are concluded, the indictment cannot be withdrawn or supplemented, and the evidentiary proceedings commence (Art. 339-340).
Initially, the director of proceedings questions the accused about their circumstances, the charges, and the results of the preliminary hearings. The parties may then pose supplementary questions through the director or with their permission. The parties can also submit motions to present further evidence (Art. 343). The party hearing concludes with presentations from both the public prosecutor and the defense, after which the accused has the opportunity to speak last (Art. 347). Following this, the court retires for secret deliberation (Art. 348 para. 1), with the clerk of the court participating in the determination of the verdict in an advisory capacity (Art. 348 para. 2). If a verdict cannot yet be reached, another party hearing will be scheduled; otherwise, the verdict for each count is determined by a democratic process (Art. 351).
Legal action
Appeal An appeal may be filed within 10 days following the issuance of the judgment. The time limit begins on the day after the opening of the appeal. Appeals can be submitted in writing or orally on the record (Art. 399 para. 1). Within 20 days after the delivery of the reasoned judgment, a detailed written statement of appeal must be submitted to the Court of Appeal, specifying the scope of the appeal, the desired changes to the judgment, and requests for evidence (Art. 399 para. 3). If the statement of appeal is incomplete or incorrect, the Court of Appeal will set a new time limit for correction. The appeal will have a suspensive effect concerning the challenged elements (Art. 402). The Court of Appeal will render a new judgment, which may either replace or confirm the judgment of the lower court (Art. 408). If significant flaws occurred during the first-instance proceedings, the Court of Appeal may order a new trial, which may involve repeating all or certain procedural acts (Art. 409).
Review A review of a judgment may be requested from the Court of Appeal to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms (ECHR) or if the judgment is in irreconcilable conflict with a subsequent judgment; a time limit of 90 days applies for such requests. An appeal based on new evidence or known criminal interference with the trial can be requested indefinitely, in favor of the convicted person, even beyond the statute of limitations (Art. 410). If a convicted individual is acquitted as a result of the appeal, any fines are repaid, and compensation for deprivation of liberty is provided, provided this cannot be attributed to other criminal acts (Art. 415).
Special procedures
Penalty proceedings If the accused confesses during the preliminary hearings or if the case facts are sufficiently clarified, the public prosecutor's office may issue a penalty order, provided it deems this punishment sufficient. Possible penalties include fines, fines of up to 180 daily rates, up to 6 months of imprisonment, or combinations of these, not exceeding a total of 6 months imprisonment. A fine can always be imposed (Art. 352). A written objection to the penalty order can be submitted within 10 days. If no appeal is lodged, the penalty order is considered a final judgment (Art. 354). In the event of an objection, the public prosecutor decides whether to discontinue the proceedings or to submit the penalty order as an indictment to the court for trial. The public prosecutor's office may also gather new evidence (Art. 355). If the court rejects the penalty order, the public prosecutor's office will restart the preliminary proceedings. If the objection pertains only to costs and compensation, the court may conduct the proceedings in writing, provided no hearing has been requested (Art. 356).
Misdemeanor criminal proceedings Misdemeanor criminal proceedings are specially regulated, as the Confederation and cantons may transfer the prosecution and adjudication of misdemeanors to administrative authorities (Art. 17 para. 1). These authorities possess the same powers as the public prosecutor's office for this purpose (Art. 357 para. 1), though their powers are limited in certain areas, such as coercive measures. Cantons may also allow the accused to be defended by a layperson in misdemeanor proceedings (Art. 127 para. 5).
Typically, the proceedings conclude with a penalty order. However, if the facts of the offense are not met, the penal authority will discontinue the proceedings with a brief order (Art. 357 para. 3). If no opening order is issued, the public prosecutor's office or misdemeanor authority will issue a non-acceptance order. Should the authority determine that the case pertains to a felony or another misdemeanor, it will refer the matter to the public prosecutor's office (Art. 357 para. 4).
Questions regarding formal proceedings are determined analogously to the provisions on penalty order proceedings, particularly concerning the content and opening of the penalty order as well as objections (Art. 357 para. 2).
Accelerated proceedings