A verb paradigm is a set of verbs that are selected according to features such as the number, speech role and gender of event participants.
Number Hic Caesarem videt. (He's seeing Caesar.) Hī Caesarem vident. (They're seeing Caesar.) Speech role Ego Caesarem videō. (I'm seeing Caesar.) Tū Caesarem vidēs. (You're seeing Caesar.) Hic Caesarem videt. (He's seeing Caesar.) Gender Hic ā Caesare vīsus est. (He was seen by Caesar.) Haec ā Caesare vīsa est. (She was seen by Caesar.) Hoc ā Caesare vīsum est. (This was seen by Caesar.)
Paradigm names For each verb entry in a dictionary, there are multiple such agreement paradigms as shown in the table below. The names of the paradigms are taken from Langenscheidt Dictionary, completed and adapted.
Completions and adaptions: The paradigms "imperative indirect active", "imperative indirect passive", "supine genitive", "supine dative" are not present in this dictionary because they are rare in the Classical Period, however they are accounted for in Grammar books and articles. The paradigms for "supine accusative" and "supine ablative" are called "Supine I" and "Supine II" in the Langenscheidt dictionary, but often called "supine accusative" and "supine ablative" in academic articles when compared with the other two. +Agreement paradigmsParadigm name____1________2________3________4________5________6____indicative future activevidēbōvidēbisvidēbitvidēbimusvidēbitisvidēbuntindicative future passivevidēborvidēberisvidēbiturvidēbimurvidēbiminīvidēbunturindicative present activevideōvidēsvidetvidēmusvidētisvidentindicative present passivevideorvidērisvidēturvidēmurvidēminīvidenturindicative imperfect activevidēbamvidēbāsvidēbatvidēbāmusvidēbātisvidēbantindicative imperfect passivevidēbarvidēbārisvidēbāturvidēbāmurvidēbāminīvidēbanturindicative future perfectvīderōvīderisvīderitvīderimusvīderitisvīderintindicative perfectvīdīvīdistīvīditvīdimusvīdistisvīdēruntindicative pluperfectvīderamvīderāsvīderatvīderāmusvīderātisvīderantsubjunctive present activevideamvideāsvideatvideāmusvideātisvideantsubjunctive present passivevidearvideārisvideāturvideāmurvideāminīvideantursubjunctive imperfect activevidēremvidērēsvidēretvidērēmusvidērētisvidērentsubjunctive imperfect passivevidērervidērērisvidērēturvidērēmurvidērēminīvidērentursubjunctive perfectvīderimvīderīsvīderitvīderīmusvīderītisvīderitsubjunctive pluperfectvīdissemvīdissēsvīdissetvīdissēmusvīdissētisvīdissentimperative active––vidē––––vidēte––imperative passive––vidēre––––vidēminī––imperative future active––vidētō––––vidētōte––imperative future passive––vidētor––––vidēminō––imperative indirect active––––vidētō––––videntōimperative indirect passive––––vidētor––––videntorinfinitive present activevidēreinfinitive present passivevidīinfinitive perfectvīdisseparticiple future nominative vīsūrusvīsūravīsūrumvīsūrīvīsūraevīsūraparticiple future accusativevīsūrumvīsūramvīsūrumvīsūrōsvīsūrāsvīsūraparticiple future genitivevīsūrīvīsūraevīsūrīvīsūrōrumvīsūrārumvīsūrōrumparticiple future dativevīsūrōvīsūraevīsūrōvīsūrīsvīsūrīsvīsūrīsparticiple future ablativevīsūrōvīsūrāvīsūrīvīsūrīsvīsūrīsvīsūrīsparticiple present nominativevidēnsvidēnsvidentēsvidentiaparticiple present accusativevidentemvidēnsvidentēsvidentiaparticiple present genitivevidentisvidentisvidentiumvidentiumparticiple present dativevidentīvidentīvidentibusvidentibusparticiple present ablativevidentevidentevidentibusvidentibusparticiple past nominativevīsusvīsavīsūrōvīsīvīsaevīsaparticiple past accusativevīsumvīsamvīsumvīsōsvīsāsvīsaparticiple past genitivevīsīvīsaevīsīvīsōrumvīsārumvīsōrumparticiple past dativevīsōvīsaevīsōvīsīsvīsīsvīsīsparticiple past ablativevīsōvīsāvīsōvīsīsvīsīsvīsīsgerundive nominativevidendusvidendavidendumvidendīvidendaevidendagerundive accusativevidendumvidendamvidendumvidendōsvidendāsvidendagerundive genitivevidendīvidendaevidendīvidendōrumvidendārumvidendōrumgerundive dativevidendōvidendaevidendōvidendīsvidendīsvidendīsgerundive ablativevidendōvidendāvidendōvidendīsvidendīsvidendīssupine accusativevīsumsupine genitivevīsūssupine dativevīsuīsupine ablativevīsūgerund accusativevidendumgerund genitivevidendīgerund dativevidendōgerund ablativevidendō
Types of agreement paradigm
Latin has two major types of agreement paradigms with two or more verbs as shown in the tables below:
+Number + Speech rolenumberspeech roleindicative present
activeindicative present
passiveindicative perfectsingularspeakeramōamoramāvīsingularaddresseeamāsamārisamāvistīsingularotheramatamāturamāvitplural +speakeramāmusamāmuramāvimusplural–speaker +addresseeamātisamāminīamāvistisplural–speaker –addresseeamantamanturamāvērunt +Number + Gendernumbergenderparticiple past
nominativeparticiple past
accusativesingularmasculineamātusamātumsingularfeminineamātaamātamsingularneuteramātumamātumplural +masculineamātīamātōsplural–masculine +feminineamātaeamātāsplural–masculine +neuteramātaamāta
Rare supines Some supines are rare, but they do occur althroughout the Classical Period. Following the grammatical pattern whereby supines combine with verbs of motion, we see two semantic patterns: events taking place either where the motion starts or where it ends. We also see supines as the event performed by speech acts.
Events at origin
The ablative supine represents a state change at the origin of motion.
Prīmus cubitū surgat, postrēmus cubitum eat.Marcus Porcius Cato, De Agri Cultura 1.5.4/5He should be the first to rise from sleep and the last to go to lie down.
Events at destination
The accusative supine represents a state change at the destination of motion.
Prīmus cubitū surgat, postrēmus cubitum eat.Marcus Porcius Cato, De Agri Cultura 1.5.4/5He should be the first to rise from sleep and the last to go to lie down.
Events commanded by speech acts
The dative supine represents an event commanded by a speech act.
Quid enim revocante et receptuī canente senātū properet dīmicāre?Marcus Tullius Cicero, Philippicae 12.9.1Why else would he hasten to fight the senate which was recalling and calling retreat?
Mēdiā nocte receptuī signum dedit.Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 36.23.8.1At midnight, he gave a sign to retreat.
Events in periphrases
The genitive supine may occur in periphrasis for an immediate future in the present.
Quid ferat ignorās, et nunc tibī summa pavōris nuntīus armōrum tristis rumorque sinister. Victūs adest conjūnx. Quid perdis tempora luctūs?Marcus Annaeus Lucanus, Bellum Civile 8.51-53You don't how [your partner] is doing and now you hold the utmost fear of sad war news and a few sinister rumours. Your partner is about to win. Why do you waste time mourning?
And the ablative supine may occur in periphrasis for possible undesirable future in the present.
Grāvidae quīdem fēminae, quibus tum adest partūs, abortū periclitantur.Aulus Cornelius Celsus, De Medicina 2.1.10.1Indeed, pregnant women, who are about to give birth, risk aborting.
Sī mūlier contrā patrōnum suum ingrāta facta, sciēns sē ingrātam, cum dē suō statū periclitābātur, aliquid patrōnō dederit, vel prōmīserit, nē in servitūtem redigātur.Iustinianus, Digesta Iustiniani 4.2.21.pr.1If a [freed] woman commits an ingratitude against her patron, knowing that she is being ungreatful, when she risks being by herself, she must give or promise to give something to her patron to avoid being put back to slavery.
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