Informal waste collection is the activity of "manually sorting and extracting various recyclable and reusable materials from mixed waste, at legal and illegal dumpsites, on top of or under piles of waste, in bins, at various transfer points, in transport trucks or elsewhere". When this activity is carried out in bins, the term "scavenging" is used. This activity is one way of collecting waste, the other ways consisting of collecting it at source (before it is mixed with other waste) or collecting it in an organised way (through the waste disposal centres).
This activity is often unhealthy, often risky, sometimes even prohibited depending on the location. Moreover, the way society views people who collect waste informally is often depreciatory: with the exception of a few cases of people doing it for scientific or artistic purposes or for DIY. It is usually only practised by those who have few other options, for example slum dwellers in developing countries. It is part of the informal economy.
While it is difficult to know exactly how many people are engaged in this activity, estimates range from 2 to 6 million people worldwide.
History
The ragpicker's trade was known in Europe, particularly in France and Italy, until the 1960s.Sabine Barles, L'invention des déchets urbains : France, 1790-1970, Éditions Champ Vallon, 2005. There are municipalities, for example Gambettola in northern Italy, where the inhabitants have made a fortune from the recovery of old things and perpetuate this ancient profession by recovering metals for the steel industry.
Vocabulary There are several expressions in French for this activity and the people who practice it, although English is frequently used in the "development field. English scavenging and scavenger (originally applied to animals to designate scavengers) is often considered too pejorative, while the word "rag picker", still commonly used, is too restrictive as it refers only to the recovery of fabric. The word waste pickers is currently the most widely used in studies or "rubbish collector" (sometimes adding the "informal adjective" to distinguish them from professional waste collectors). "Rubbish" is also used instead of "waste".
There are also many local names or nicknames, which are sometimes preferred: for example, we speak of zabbālīn ("garbage men", in literary Arabic) in Egypt, cartoneros in Argentina, chifonye in Haiti, kacharawala in Delhi, tokai in Bangladesh, kabaris in Karachi, pepenadores in Mexico, basuriegos in Colombia, catadores in Brazil, boujouman in Senegal, pemulung in Indonesia...: these names often refer to the main materials (cardboard, rags...) that are recovered.
Types of waste collected and their uses The waste collected is globally of three main types: for short term subsistence, for possible refurbishment and resale, and finally for "diverted" use of a creative or scientific nature.
Waste with immediate reuse: this is generally edible waste, such as leftover food, products that have been thrown away because they are past their expiration date but still good; these products are intended to be consumed soon afterwards. They are found around markets, or in supermarkets and restaurants in developed countries. Waste for resale: many discarded items can be given a market value at low cost, thus providing a means of livelihood, which is essential in places where poverty is widespread and unemployment high. This type of use creates work in its own right, and remains the dominant form of recovery in developing countries. Waste for "professional" use: this case remains extremely marginal compared to the other two; it concerns in particular the collection of waste made "for the thrill", for an artistic creation, for a sociological study or for a survey.
In addition to these three uses, waste can have other uses. In flood-prone areas, waste can be used as fill if no other material is immediately available: for example, in the areas of Cap-Haitien built on mangrove swamps, 50% of the soil is made up of domestic waste.Vivien Walden, Tim Forster and Panteleo Creti, Public Health Assessment Report from Haiti, Oxfam, November 2003. The waste is also used to form makeshift dikes against high tides and waves.
Activities While collection is the most visible activity (as it is often the most shocking image), it is not the only activity involved in recovery. These activities include collection (at source, on the streets and in landfills), recovery and/or transformation, buy-back and resale. At this point, what was waste finds its way back into the formal economy or industry as recycled material.
Activity description
Collection can take place at different points. Upstream collectors may buy back waste from households, allowing them to obtain less soiled waste; this practice is common in areas of a city not served by public services. Some collectors are paid for this, if they ensure that all waste is removed. Collection can also be made from community dumpsters or on the streets, particularly around markets. Finally, a preferred location is a public waste dump, given the abundance of waste. Depending on the dump and the involvement of the municipalities, access may be free or restricted to certain hours, to authorised persons, or even to the payment of a fee. People who charge this fee may also be part of the system, often as resellers.
Sorting can be done at the same time as collection or once the items have been sold to an intermediary. It allows for the separation of what will be reused from what is definitely to be thrown away.
Recovery is the process of adding value to waste; it can be as simple as cleaning or repairing an object, allowing it to be resold directly. Beyond recovery, transformation is similar to recycling by reusing the materials of the object for something else: for example, the recovery of fabric to make clothes or curtains; remelting metal to make objects that do not need good quality; trinkets made from recycled paper and plastic.
Finally, resale allows the objects to be reintroduced into the traditional economic circuit. This resale can be done on the street by the collector himself, in an organised way by a shop, or with industries in the case of raw materials.
Tools
Most collectors use only two tools:Jonathan Rouse et Mansoor Ali, Waste Pickers in Dhaka, WEDC, Loughborough University, 2001 . a metal tip or hook to turn the waste over, and a plastic bag to collect it. The use of vehicles such as the cart shown here seems to be reserved for organised groups given their prohibitive cost. Protective equipment is very rare; when it is present, it is often the result of action by a local or international organisation.
Global situation
Statistics Since the majority of waste pickers work in the informal sector, it is difficult to establish the precise number of pickers worldwide. It is possible to consult field assessments that give an idea of the proportions in some major cities (see table below); globally, hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of people make a living from this activity. In large cities in developing countries, a 1988 estimate puts informal waste collection at 2% of the population,2005 . potentially 1.6 million people in least developed countries alone and 6.35 million people in low- and middle-income countries.This figure is obtained by taking 2% of the population of cities with more than 1 million inhabitants in low-income countries, i.e. 2% of 12% of 686.5 million inhabitants, according to World Bank data. If we also take the population of cities with more than 1 million inhabitants in countries with lower middle income, we add 2% of 18% of 1,320 million people. http://devdata.worldbank.org/wdipdfs/table3_10.pdf If, on the other hand, we use the rate of 6 ‰ of the population that frequently appears in the table below, the estimated number of informal reclaimers would be 490,000 in the least developed countries, and 1.92 million in all low and lower-middle income countries. +Estimates of the number of informal reclaimers in some major cities around the world.Where no source is specified, this is an ILO resultCountryCityTotal population (2004)Informal collectors (estimation) Total ‰ Of which children (-18 years)AsiaBangladeshDacca10.4 millions65 0006.3CambodiaPhnom Penh1.2 million330 (dumpsites)0.27246 (dumpsites)IndiaBangalore6 millions20 000 - 30 000M. Huysman, J.S. Velu, K.N. Ganesh et R. Bhuvaneswari, Approaches to urban solid waste management : Linkages between formal and informal systems of source separation and recycling, a profile of Bangalore, discussion papers for workshop on Linkages in Urban Solid Waste Management, Bangalore, 18-20 April 1994 12 0003.3 - 5 224% of street childrenDelhi14 millions100 000 15 0007.1 1.07Kolkata15 millions50 000 20 000 - 25 000L. Trettin, A cooperative for rag pickers, Farm Digest, September 1996.3.3 1.3 - 1.730 - 40%Mumbai18.1 millions100 000 70 0005.5 3.9Pune3.75 millions10 0002.7PakistanKarachi14 millions15 000 (streets)Mansoor Ali, Integration of the Official and Private Informal Practices in Solid Waste Management, 1997, PhD. 21 000 (dumpsites)1.07 1.5IndonesiaJakarta8.8 millions37 0004.2PhilippinesManila> 10 millions20 000 (dumpsites)Center for Advanced Philippines Studies, Recycling Activities in Metro Manila, WAREN project, WASTE, the Netherlands, 1992.2Quezon City2.2 millions13 000 (dumpsites)5.91 500 (dumpsites)VietnamHo Chi Minh city7.4 millions7 5001.01Hanoï3.1 millions12 0003.91 000AfricaEgyptCairo18 millions70 000Y. Sawiris et Loza, Pilot project for integrated solid waste management, Paper presented at the World Bank Conference on Municipal Solid Waste Management in the MENA Region held from 10-12 April 2000 in Cairo, Egypt. 30 0003.89 1.672 500 (streets)KenyaWhole country34.7 millions45 000UNICEF report in 20041.3TanzaniaDar es Salam2.5 millions600 - 7000.2550 - 100AmericasArgentinaBuenos Aires12.4 millions80 0006.45BrazilWhole country180 millions45 000ColombiaBogota6 millions> 10 0001.67Whole country45 millions50 0001.11MexicoMexico City18 millions15 0000.83EuropeRomaniaCluj-Napoca330 000800 (dumpsites) 1 000 (streets)2.4 3.0150 - 200Baia Mare136 0002001.47Whole country22.2 millions35 000 - 50 0001.58 - 2.25
Revenue
If waste collection comes from a situation of great poverty and lack of resources, the collectors are not the poorest of the inhabitants; they are found among beggars or isolated elderly people. The income of waste pickers is paradoxically often above the poverty threshold of US$1/day and may even exceed the country's minimum income: In Romania, a teenager earned an average of 125-300 euros per month when the minimum wage was $70; in Dar es Salaam, an adult scavenger earned an average of US$55 per month in 2004 when the minimum wage was US$45; in Latin America, their income can be three times the minimum wage. However, children earn less than adults: a teenager usually earns 50% of what an adult can expect, while the income of young children (under 12) is between 10% and 25% of an adult's income.
However, children earn less than adults: a teenager usually earns 50% of what an adult can expect, while the income of young children (under 12) is between 10% and 25% of an adult's income. On the other hand, children often contribute significantly to the family income, in the order of 30-40% in Calcutta, which may discourage parents from sending them to school. Women also earn less than men, who more often work at night and predominate in higher-paid work (truck drivers, larger-scale dealers); however, this activity can be a way for women to earn an independent income and thus escape poverty.
Motivations