was an unprotected cruiser built for the French Navy in the 1870s, the only member of her class. She was ordered as part of a naval construction program after the Franco-Prussian War, and was intended to counter enemy commerce raiders; as such she had a high top speed of , a heavy armament of five guns, and long cruising radius. Her design was based on the s, albeit reduced in size, and unlike the earlier vessels, she proved to be a reliable vessel in service.
The ship was sent to East Asia in 1884 to join the Far East Squadron under Amédée Courbet; she saw action later that year at the Battle of Fuzhou at the outset of the Sino-French War; there, she helped to sink three Chinese cruisers, and in company with the ironclad , neutralized a series of Chinese coastal fortifications that blocked the French escape from Fuzhou. She next took part in the Keelung campaign on the island of Formosa, including the Battle of Tamsui in October 1884, but she missed the Battle of Shipu in February 1885 as she had run low on fuel. She fired the last French shots on Formosa on 3 April, shortly before the war ended.
returned to France after the war, and was significantly modernized in the late 1880s. She briefly served in home waters before being sent abroad again in 1893. Over the rest of the 1890s, she alternated between the Pacific and Indochina stations, and she was sent to China again in 1898 in response to the Boxer Uprising. In 1899, she was struck from the naval register, renamed , and converted into a depot ship to support a flotilla of torpedo boats defending French Indochina. She served in that capacity for a decade before being sold for scrap in 1911.
Design
In the late 1860s, the major European navies saw the success that Confederate commerce raiders had had during the American Civil War, and decided to respond with larger, faster cruisers that could catch such raiders. France's construction program was delayed by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, but the navy quickly began preparations for the 1872 fiscal year. Design work on first such vessels, the , began in 1871, and two were ordered in 1873 under the auspices of the naval construction program adopted in 1872. At the same time, the French naval minister Louis Pothuau issued a request on 14 September 1871 for smaller cruisers that could fulfill similar roles.
The (Council of Works) responded on 16 December with a set of specifications for the new cruiser. The number and caliber of main battery guns were reduced from seven to four and from to , respectively, and the top speed would be . Displacement was set at . Pothuau added a fifth gun to the forecastle and increased displacement to and forwarded the revised specifications to shipyards on 23 January 1872 to solicit detailed design proposals.
Five naval designers responded to Pothuau's request, and on 13 August 1872, the evaluated the submissions. The design prepared by Romain Leopold Eynaud was selected; his design for the hull was based on the experimental aviso . He added a gun to the stern the ship could fire astern, and though the sought to have it removed, Eynaud prevailed. The also requested multiple engines for the single propeller shaft, like the class, where one engine would be used for high-speed steaming and the other would be coupled for long-distance cruising. Pothuau approved the revised design on 10 March 1873, though his successor, Charles de Dompierre d'Hornoy revised the design again later that year and the final design was approved on 1 May 1874. The ship had already been ordered on 10 March 1873, and work had begun the following month, well before the design had been finalized.
s propulsion system proved to be much more serviceable than the chronically unreliable engines of the class. But like the s, was too expensive to build in large numbers, and so the French navy turned to smaller and cheaper vessels like the and es.
Characteristics
was an iron-hulled vessel that was long at the waterline and long between perpendiculars, with a beam of . She had an average draft of on a displacement of as designed. The ship had a ram bow and an overhanging stern. Her hull was sheathed with wood to protect them from marine biofouling on long voyages overseas, and she was divided into nine watertight compartments, along with a double bottom. The ship rolled badly, but otherwise handled well. Her crew amounted to 311–322 officers and enlisted men.
The ship's propulsion system consisted of three horizontal compound steam engines driving a single screw propeller. The engines were arranged in tandem, driving the same propeller shaft; the intent was for the forward engine to be used for high-speed steaming and the aft engine would be used for cruising at more economical speeds. Steam was provided by eight rectangular, coal-burning fire-tube boilers that were ducted into a pair of funnels placed amidships. The boilers were divided into two boiler rooms; the ship was intended to include fans for forced draft, but these were deleted in 1877 while the ship was still under construction. She had a full ship rig to supplement their steam engine on long voyages overseas, and the aft funnel could be retracted to allow full use of the sails, but she handled poorly under sail.
s machinery was rated to produce for a top speed of . Coal storage amounted to , and at a more economical speed of , the ship was to have been able to steam for . But her boilers consumed coal at a much higher rate than anticipated to reach the intended howerpower, and in practice her cruising radius at that speed was significantly shorter, at .
The ship's main battery consisted of five M1870 guns. One was placed in the bow under the forecastle deck and the remaining four were mounted in sponsons individually, two per broadside. The broadside guns were placed close to the ends of the ship to allow end-on fire. These were supplemented by a secondary battery of five 21.3-cal. M1870 guns; of these, one was mounted atop the sterncastle and the remaining four were placed amidships on the upper deck, firing through gun ports. For close-range defense against torpedo boats, she carried a pair of Hotchkiss revolver cannon.
Modifications In 1881, was rearmed with longer-barreled M1881 versions of her main and secondary batteries. Her sailing rig was enlarged in December 1882, but it was found to hamper her stability while deployed, and so on 20 January 1883, her coal storage was reduced to to correct the problem. The alterations were still unsatisfactory, and on 24 June 1884, the navy ordered the ship to return to her previous rigging arrangement. The ship underwent a more significant reconstruction between 1885 and 1887, which included replacing her main battery guns with M1881 guns, and the sponsons were modified. The 138.6 mm guns were moved further apart to widen their firing arcs. The light armament was strengthened considerably, and it now consisted of two guns, four guns, and five 37 mm guns. Two torpedo tubes were also installed for M1885 torpedoes. Gun shields that were thick were fitted to all of the main and secondary guns, though the forward pair of 138.6 mm guns soon had theirs removed, as they were found to interfere with shell handling. The ship also received eight new boilers that increased the propulsion system's power to ; she reached a top speed of during tests carried out after the refit.
Service history
The keel for was laid down on 29 April 1873 at the Arsenal de Cherbourg shipyard in Cherbourg. She was launched on 31 March 1877 and her propulsion system was installed between 11 October that year and 31 May 1878. She was commissioned to begin sea trials on 26 July, but her crew had not been fully assembled until 28 November. Her initial testing was completed in January 1879, and she was placed in the 2nd category of reserve on 1 February. She remained out of service for the next three years before being recommissioned on 11 May 1882 to operate with the main fleet in French waters. After it became apparent in 1883 that the large cruiser (of the class) was unsuited to a lengthy deployment in East Asia, the navy decided to send and the cruiser to replace her. She had arrived in the region by March 1884, and at that time, the French fleet in the region also included the ironclad warships (the flagship) and , the unprotected cruisers , , and , and the gunboat .
Sino-French War France's campaign to occupy Vietnam, a traditional subject of Qing China, led to clashes between French and Chinese forces, and ultimately, to the start of the Sino-French War in August 1884 with the attack on Keelung on the island of Formosa early that month. had been stationed at Fuzhou since mid-July, and initially had Rear Admiral Sébastien Lespès aboard; Lespès was the deputy commander of the Far East Squadron that had been created to support the Tonkin campaign. Lespès later transferred his flag to . The unit was commanded by Vice Admiral Amédée Courbet. Following the action there, Courbet began assembling ships off Fuzhou to attack the Chinese Fujian Fleet that was stationed there. Despite the action at Keelung, relations between the Chinese and French fleet remained peaceful, though the Chinese began recalling vessels to Fuzhou to strengthen their position.
Battle of Fuzhou
On the afternoon of 23 August, the French flotilla attacked the Chinese Fujian Fleet in the Battle of Fuzhou. , , and engaged the Chinese cruisers and and the gunboat , along with a coastal artillery battery. At the start of the action, and engaged and together while engaged . and quickly sank their targets, but put up unexpectedly stiff resistance and she was only sunk by the combined firepower of all three French vessels. The French ships then turned their attention to a shore battery that was neutralized shortly thereafter. The Chinese gunboat attempted to attack , but heavy French fire set ablaze and she quickly exploded and sank. Another group of French warships also quickly destroyed or captured other elements of the Fujian Fleet further inside the harbor; the entire action lasted a mere eight minutes. Most of the battle was fought at very close range, roughly two to three cables.
Over the night of 23–24 August, the Chinese sent several fire ships toward the French ships, forcing them to repeatedly shift position to evade them as they drifted down river. Courbet sought to destroy the arsenal facilities at Fuzhou and used his shallow-draft gunboats to bombard the fortifications around it on 24 August, that night, a pair of Chinese steam launches attempted to attack the French ships. sank one of them. The next day, a 600-man landing party went ashore to complete the destruction of the facilities. Courbet then organized his fleet to leave the river, in the lead, followed by , , and then , followed by the rest of the vessels. At this point, Courbet transferred his flag from the cruiser to . As the ships approached Couding near the mouth of the river, they needed to neutralize Chinese artillery batteries that blocked their exit. and engaged one set of batteries and drove off the gun crews. and then sent a landing party ashore to destroy the guns. The French spent the night anchored off Couding and proceeded further downriver on 26 August; the forts at Mingan Pass were the next obstacle to reaching the open ocean. Again, and led the attack on the fortifications.