Yella Hertzka (née Fuchs; 4 February 1873 – 13 November 1948) was an Austrian women's rights and peace activist, school director, and music business executive. She began working in women's humanitarian and social improvement projects in 1900. Co-founding the (New Vienna Women's Club) in 1903, she served as its president from 1909 to 1933. From 1904 she participated in the international women's rights movements, supporting women's suffrage and pacifism. In 1919, she attended the Zürich congress of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). She was a co-founder of the Austrian section of the WILPF, organized its 1921 Vienna Congress, and attended every international WILPF congress held between 1919 and 1948. She worked to free prisoners of war after World War I and during World War II helped those wanting to emigrate or oppose the draft.
In 1903, Hertzka co-founded Cottage Girls' Lyceum with to facilitate women's qualifying for university entrance or professional training. After completing training in English and advanced horticulture abroad, she returned home in 1909 and established the (Kaasgraben Villa Colony), an innovative housing project for intellectuals and artists. In 1913, she co-founded the first school in Austria-Hungary to train women in horticulture and landscape architecture. She directed the school and simultaneously, after 1932 when her husband died, managed the music publishing company Universal Edition until 1938. During her tenure at Universal Edition, she strove to develop new talent, focused in particular on assisting woman musicians and composers.
When the Nazi regime annexed Austria, all of the organizations and businesses Hertzka had been involved in were banned or Aryanized. To facilitate her ability to travel, she married her cousin Edgar Taussig, gaining his Czechoslovak nationality in December 1938. Emigrating to London for the duration of the war, she worked as a landscape architect and gardener, continuing her pacifist activism. Taussig was murdered in 1943 in a concentration camp. When the war ended, Hertzka chose not to renew her Czech nationality, applied for restoration of her Austrian nationality, and returned to Austria in 1946. She immediately began to re-establish the Austrian chapter of the WILPF and recover her businesses and property. She was appointed administrator for Universal Edition, receiving full control of the business in 1947 despite fighting legal issues with the building owner until her death. Neither her personal property nor her nationality was restored before she died in 1948. The City Council of Vienna established a park in the Seestadt Aspern neighborhood in her honor in 2012.
Early life and education Yella Fuchs was born on 4 February 1873 in Vienna, Austria Hungary, to Agnes (née Tedesco) and Ferdinand Fuchs. The youngest of seven siblings, she grew up in a liberal, upper-class Jewish family. Her father was a businessman, and Agnes, his second wife, was the mother of five of their children. On 20 May 1897, at the Stadttempel in Vienna, she married Emil Hertzka, who was a music publisher and originally from Budapest. While he was building his career, from around 1900 Hertzka was involved in women's humanitarian and social improvement projects in Austria, becoming a member of the (Women's Association for Social Welfare). She also co-founded and joined the (Vienna Women's Club, 1900–1902), and participated in the (Viennese Clothing Collection Point), an initiative which allowed the poor to acquire clean, used clothing. On a visit to England in 1903, she took a course in English at Oxford University, offered to foreign women.
Women's rights (1903–1938) Suffrage and civil rights In 1903, Hertzka became one of the twelve co-founders of the (New Vienna Women's Club), which was originally founded as an apolitical salon and literary association for women. Initially the president was , succeeded by Dora von Stockert-Meynert. Hertzka became involved in the international women's rights movements in 1904 and attended the Berlin Congress of the International Council of Women, where she established friendships with several prominent feminists, including Käthe Schirmacher and Helene Stöcker. From 1905, the club focused on attaining women's suffrage and campaigned against laws prohibiting women from political participation. Hertzka became president of the in 1909 and remained in the position until 1933. She participated in the Vienna Voting Rights Conference of 1913 and led the Commission for Horticulture and Small Animal Breeding of the , until the commission dissolved in 1918. A committed pacifist, when war was declared in 1914, Hertzka and the formally opposed the conflict. The club sent a delegate, Francis Wolf Girian, to the Hague Congress held in 1915.
Pacifism
Because the International Women Suffrage Alliance conference to be held in Berlin had been cancelled, a committee of Dutch women, led by Aletta Jacobs, proposed that the Netherlands, as a neutral country, could host a meeting to allow women to maintain their solidarity. From this congress, the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace, which would become the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), was formed. The Austrian members of the committee, Leopoldine Kulka and Olga Misař, were chosen. When the war ended, Hertzka attended the 1919 WILPF convention in Zürich, along with Kulka and Elsa Beer-Angerer. There, she persuaded the WILPF members to hold the next biennial convention in Vienna. Returning home, she and Kulka founded the Austrian WILPF chapter in 1920. The following year when Kulka died, Hertzka became president of the Austrian section of the WILPF. She was the primary coordinator and organizer for the third WILPF congress in Vienna, working with Emily Greene Balch, international organization's Secretary-Treasurer. Shortly after the event, the Austrian WILPF branch split along ideological grounds. Those who felt nationalist goals were more important than international objectives and absolute pacifism left the organization.
Hertzka attended all of the WILPF congresses held between 1919 and 1946, participating as a group leader, organizer, or speaker. In 1919, she traveled to Scandinavia, lecturing in Norway and Sweden about the WILPF and seeking support for prisoners of war held in Siberia and Turkestan. From there she traveled on to London, Paris, and Switzerland. Continuing this mission, she went to the United States the following year and successfully secured American help in negotiating the return of war prisoners from Siberia, as well as financial concessions enabling Austria to secure a loan from the League of Nations. She became a member of the international WILPF's executive board in 1921. In 1924, she became chair of the East European Commission for WILPF, and two years later was appointed to serve on the International Advisory Council of the National Woman's Party. In the 1930s, she chaired the Economic Commission of the WILPF, interacting with members of the International Labour Organization. In Austria, Hertzka's public appearances and activities were increasingly limited as a result of rising antisemitism. In March 1938, all Jewish members of the were expelled. In November the club was dissolved when Germany annexed Austria and implemented policies to ban women's organizations involving political activities. The same year, Hertzka ended her service as president of the Austrian chapter of the WILPF, when the organization was banned by the Nazi regime.
Schools and artist colony (1903–1938) Lyceum and artist colony Hertzka and co-founded the Cottage Girls' Lyceum in the of Döbling, in 1903. The school moved several times in the early years of its operation. In 1904, it was located on and moved again in 1905 to Gymnasium Straße. Donating the buildings for the school, Hertzka also did various administrative tasks. The school was designed to give girls the opportunity to attain secondary schooling and gain professional training. In the early years of its operation, however, completing the courses and passing the final examination only allowed graduates to participate in the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Vienna as extraordinary students. During the 1913–1914 term, Goldman adopted the advanced courses required for the reform-realgymnasium examination, which qualified graduates for standard university admission. Around this time, as their pro-German nationalist leanings surfaced, Hertzka distanced herself from both Goldman and Schirmacher, with whom she had maintained a correspondence for over a decade.
In 1908 and 1909, Hertzka attended the (Rhineland Fruit and Horticultural School for Women) in Bad Godesberg near Bonn, Germany, and completed advanced training in horticulture. She returned to Austria determined to establish a (Higher Horticultural School for Women), but it would be several years before she did so. Hertzka often hosted garden parties, attended by many internationally known composers such as Béla Bartók, Zoltán Kodály, Ernst Krenek, Gustav Mahler, Darius Milhaud, and Arnold Schoenberg. To foster their work, she called on Josef Hoffmann to design an artists' colony in Kaasgraben, near her home in Grinzing. She helped Hoffmann plan the colony and financed the undertaking. The colony had four duplex units, a relatively recent housing innovation in Vienna at the time. Completed in 1912, the (Kaasgraben Villa Colony) attracted many artists and intellectuals as residents, including the secretary general of the Vienna Concert Hall, Hugo Botstiber; economist Adolf Drucker; composer Egon Wellesz and his wife, art historian ; and , an architect and co-founder of the .
Higher Horticultural School for Women
In 1913, Hertzka founded the first secondary horticultural school for girls in Austria-Hungary, also located in Kaasgraben, part of Grinzing in the Döbling district. She served as director of the school until 1938. The school offered training in horticulture and landscape architecture, opening the fields to women/ It also gave general business and law courses, requiring students to grow and market their produce. Besides practical work in the garden and greenhouse, students attended lectures on botany, drawing, geology, landscaping, growing flowers and vegetables, and soil science. The program was accredited by the Austrian Ministry of Agriculture and diplomas were issued to students who successfully completed an examination. When war broke out the year after her school had opened, Hertzka offered the gardens of the school to other secondary schools and helped train them to operate community gardens throughout Vienna to combat food shortages and malnutrition for the duration of the conflict. The school offered the rare opportunity for women to achieve economic independence with training in horticulture and gardening or landscape architecture in Austria-Hungary in the early decades of the twentieth century. Until 1921, it was closely affiliated with an adjacent home economics school run by Marie Wettstein, a colleague in the WILPF before the organizational dispute.