(The chased water) is a 1947 Dutch non-fiction novel written by A. den Doolaard, which gives an account of the recovery works to repair dike breaches after the October 1944 Inundation of Walcheren as part of operations by The Allies of World War II during Operation Infatuate. Researchers from Delft University of Technology have found high levels of historical accuracy in den Doolaard's descriptions of the events that took place, the methods used to close the dikes and the key people involved. Den Doolaard assigned pseudonyms to most of the main characters and organisations. The name A. den Doolaard is also a pseudonym, the author’s real name being Cornelis Johannes George Spoelstra Jr.Dronken van het leven : A. den Doolaard, zwerver, schrijver, journalist / Hans Olink. – Amsterdam : Atlas, 2011. – 431 p.
Context In October 1944, several dikes surrounding the Dutch island of Walcheren were bombed by the Allies at strategic locations including Westkapelle, Vlissingen, and Fort Rammekens in order to deliberately flood the island. The bombings created major gaps in the dikes at four primary locations, breaching the coastal defences against The North Sea and allowing seawater to flow unchecked into inhabited areas of land. Whilst the bombings achieved the immediate military objective of forcing a retreat of the occupying forces of Nazi Germany, who had used Walcheren to control the Western Scheldt and access to The Port of Antwerp, the subsequent flooding caused by the breaches had profound effects on the island infrastructure and local population.
The novel describes the subsequent efforts to repair the breaches in the dikes and reclaim Walcheren from the sea. The works were completed by a number of Dutch contractors, including some contractors from the Maatschappij tot Uitvoering van Zuiderzeewerken who had gained appropriate previous experience whilst constructing the Zuiderzee works.
Difficulties in commencing the rehabilitation works included the fact that many dredgers were still located in areas of the occupied Netherlands, and around 25% of the Dutch dredging fleet had been confiscated and transported to Germany. Works at the main breach locations were divided up between four contractors as shown in the table below.
+ Contractors appointed to the Walcheren reclamation works Dike breach site Contractor The Nolledijk Bos en Kalis Westkapelle Hollandse Aanneming Maatschappij (HAM) Veere Adriaan Volker Rammekens Van Hattum en Blankevoort
By October 1945, the contractors and Rijkswaterstaat had managed to assemble a fleet of 14 suction dredgers and bucket dredgers, 135 barges, 61 tugboats, 73 landing craft, 19 floating cranes, 52 bulldozers and draglines along with motor vehicles and other equipment. Difficulties in sourcing adequate materials and the sheer scale of the works during an emergency wartime situation led to innovative use of improvised materials and equipment, such as the Phoenix caissons used in the closure of the dike gaps, which had previously been used as Mulberry harbours during the Allied invasion of Normandy. Den Doolaard describes the initial reluctance of some of the contractors to use these units; however, their implementation was so successful that similar units would later be used on the closure of the Brielse Maasdam in 1950 and the Braakman in 1952.
Den Doolaard drew on his experiences as a liaison officer with the (Service for Reclamation of Walcheren) to write the novel.
Editions The original Dutch edition of Het verjaagde water appeared in 1947, published by Em. Querido's Uitgeverij in Amsterdam. It was reprinted in 1958 by the same publisher. An updated edition with annotations by Professor K. d'Angremond and GJ Schiereck was published by Delft Academic Press in 2001. The book has also been translated into a number of languages, including German, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Serbian, French, Czech and Hungarian.
An English translation entitled Roll back the sea by June Barrows Mussey, with original illustrations by , was published in New York in 1948 by Simon and Schuster and in London and Melbourne in 1949 by Heinemann (publisher).
Content Both the original 1947 publication and the subsequent 1948 English translation by Barrows Mussey consist of five books and twenty-five chapters. The table below gives the title of each chapter, from both the Dutch and English versions.
+ Books and chapters in Het verjaagde water/Roll back the sea Book (Chapter) 1947 Dutch edition (Het verjaagde water) 1948 English translation (Roll back the sea) 1 (1) De watertovenaars The water wizards 1 (2) Zuidzee en Noordzee South Sea and North Sea 1 (3) Het water komt The water comes 1 (4) De preek The sermon 1 (5) Het spookeiland The ghost islands 1 (6) Doen of niet doen? To do or not to do 2 (7) Wie een boot heeft, heeft de wereld The man that has a boat has the world 2 (8) Van Hummel's zwarte boekje Van Hummel's little black book 2 (9) Anton Hijnssen gaat uit roeien Anton Hynssen goes rowing 2 (10) Van Hummel's zwarte boekje (ii) Van Hummel's little black book II 2 (11) De baggervloot vaart uit The dredging fleet puts out 2 (12) De rijswerkers The fascine workers 3 (13) Walcheren omhoog Up with Walcheren! 3 (14) Klei tegen water Clay against water 3 (15) Kraan zeven Crane 7 3 (16) Beton tegen klei Concrete against clay 3 (17) Anton Hijnssen verovert Vlissingen Anton Hynssen conquers Flushing 4 (18) Westkapelle Westkapelle 4 (19) De scharesliep The joker with the idea 4 (20) De brug over de afgrond The bridge over the chasm 5 (21) De vuist van de reus The giant's fist 5 (22) Het water loopt weg The water runs away 5 (23) Het boze gat van Rammekens The wicked gap at Rammekens 5 (24) Phoenix Phoenix 5 (25) De eeuwige strijd The everlasting battle
Barrows Mussey's 1948 English translation uses literal translations of each chapter from the original Dutch, with the exception of chapter 19 which uses The joker with the idea as a translation of the Dutch term , a term used to describe a peddler tradesperson who sharpens knives. Den Doolaard uses in a pejorative sense. The chapter title refers to the character Berend Bonkelaar's use of the term to express his incredulity at a particular method put forward for carrying out the dike repair works by an officer of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force.
In chapters 9 and 17, Anton Hijnssen's surname is translated as Hynssen, with the Dutch IJ (digraph) being anglicised to Y.
Historical accuracy
For the 2001 reissue of the book, professor Kees D'Angremond and his colleague Gerrit-Jan Schiereck from Delft University of Technology undertook eight years of research around the characters in the book and the events described in it, with two of their graduate students investigating the accuracy of den Doolaard's representation of the technical aspects of the Walcheren reclamation. Their findings were included as annotations in the book and confirmed the high levels of accuracy in den Doolaard's descriptions of the people, events and technical aspects of the hydraulic engineering methods implemented, including the use of caissons, Phoenix breakwaters and torpedo nets.
The true identities of many of the characters in the novel were revealed by the research, with biographical details added as appendices to the 2001 edition. The characters included den Doolard's depiction of protagonists such as the distinguished civil engineer and professor, Pieter Philippus Jansen (represented by the character Van Hummel), many senior Rijkswaterstaat officials, the charismatic dredging boss Berend Bonkelaar (den Doolaard's pseudonym for J.J. 'Kobus' Kalis, a founding director of the Boskalis company), and Klaas Otterkop, the pseudonym of fascine mattress construction foreman Gerrit Visser of Gebroeders Van Oord, who supervised the installation of 36 fascine mattresses over a total area of 52,700 square metres during the work.
The table below provides information on many of the characters and organisations in the novel arising from d'Angremond and Schiereck's research.
+ Identities of the real-life characters and organisations in the novelName in the novelReal nameNoteBerend BonkelaarJacobus Johannis (J.J.) Kalis (Kobus Kalis)Director and part owner of the Bos & Kalis dredging company.DankersJ.A.A. MolSupervisor for the water board of Walcheren.DestrooperAckermans & van HaarenBelgian contractor.
In the novel, they sign a contract to provide a bucket dredger early in the works, which van Hummel laments is subsequently delayed for lack of a tugboat.Brigadier FowlesBrigadier E.E. Read CBE MCSenior officer with SHAEF.GlimmelmansW. MetzelaarBecame a member of the Public Relations staff at Rijkswaterstaat.GoedemansB. van SchijndelSupervisor at Rijkswaterstaat.Guldentalir. Johann Pieter Adolf (J.P.A.) van ScherpenbergEngineer at the contractor Van Hattum & Blankevoort, who worked also with the consortium of contractors who built the Zuiderzee Works known as Maatschappij tot Uitvoering van Zuiderzeewerken (MUZ), (English: Society for the implementation of the Zuiderzee works). JongbloedG.P. SturmRepresentative of the water board of Walcheren.HermsenSteehouwerAssistant contractor.Anton Hynssen (Hijnnsen)H. OnderddijkChairman of the (Dry Walcheren Committee).HeikesDonVicar in Westkapelle.KlagemansGerardus Adrianus (G.A.) van HattemWorked for the contractor Hollandsche Aannemings Maatschappij (HAM), gaining experience with harbour caissons and later became a director of the company. In charge of the dike closure works in Westkapelle.Lorenzir. Cornelis Josephus (C.J.) WitteveenGraduated from the Technische Hogeschool Delft in 1905. Between 1914 and 1919 he was the Director of Public Works in Suriname. From 1933 until 1948, he was Director of Rijkswaterstaat in Limburg, overseeing works on the Juliana Canal and the canalization of The Meuse. The MathematicianJo Johannis DronkersA mathematician who devised methods for calculating tides and tidal currents in sea inlets and estuaries. His 1964 paper Tidal computations in rivers and coastal waters is regarded as a standard work in the theory of tidal calculations. His work became the mathematical basis for the design of the Delta Works.