Elections were held in Jonglei State on 11–15 April 2010 as part of the 2010 Sudanese general election, with voting for President of Sudan, National Assembly of Sudan, President of Southern Sudan, Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly, Governor of Jonglei State and the Jonglei State Legislative Assembly. The elections were the first in Sudan for over two decades, held in the aftermath of the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and the Government of Sudan of Omar al-Bashir.Sudan Tribune. UDF summits contenders for April elections The election was carried out in precarious security conditions, with ethnic conflicts prevalent in the state. The elections were won by the SPLM, with the exception of a handful of seats. Disputes over the election results led to the outbreak of two armed insurgencies.
Electoral system
A new electoral law, the National Elections Act of 2008, was adopted in July 2008. For the elections for the presidencies of Sudan and South Sudan, elections would be held under an absolute majority system: If no candidate would obtained 50% of the votes cast plus one vote, a second round of the two most-voted candidates would be held.European Union Election Observation Mission of The Republic of The Sudan - Final Report on the Executive and Legislative Elections, 2010 State governors, on the other hand, would be elected under a simple majority system whereby the most-voted candidate would be elected governor.
For the parliamentary elections (whether to the National Assembly, the Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly or the State Legislative Assemblies) the electoral legislation adopted in July 2008 stipulated a mixed electoral system:Sudan completes delineation of 17 geographical constituencies 60% of the parliamentarians would be elected through single-member First-past-the-post geographic constituencies. 15% of the parliamentarians would be elected through Party-list proportional representation. 25% of the parliamentarians would be elected through Party-list proportional representation for women candidates.
The delimitation of constituency boundaries was based on the national population census published in May 2009, a census whose accuracy was disputed. Per the 2008 electoral legislation, constituencies should have been delimitated within a 30-day period. The National Electoral Commission tasked the state-level High Electoral Commissions to draft the constituency boundary delimitations. According to the Carter Center report, constituencies were “"vague, unmapped, and difficult for observers and election officials to comprehend". The electoral legislation established that the population in each geography constituencies for the National Assembly must not deviate by more than 15% from the average population size of the 270 geographic constituencies for the National Assembly (145,017 inhabitants). In Jonglei, there were significant deviations from the legislation.Andreu Sola-Martin.Triggers of Election Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cornell Institute for African Development, 2018 The Bor South National Assembly geographic constituency in the Jonglei state capital had the largest deviation of all 270 National Assembly geographic constituencies, hosting a population 52% larger than the national average.Gustafson Marc and Rift Valley Institute. Electoral Designs : Proportionality Representation and Constituency Boundaries in Sudan's 2010 Elections. Rift Valley Institute 2010. + Estimated population size of National Assembly constituencies in Jonglei and variance from national average No. Counties Population(2008 census) Variance 1 Pigi 99,068 -31.69% 2 Old Fangak 110,130 -24.06% 3 Ayod 139,282 -3.95% 4 Nyirol 108,674 -25.06% 5 Uror 178,519 +23.10% 6 Twic East, Duk 150,937 +4.08% 7 Bor South 221,106 +52.47% 8 Akobo 136,210 -6.07% 9 Pibor, Pochalla 214,676 +48.04% Sudan Tribune. South Sudan’s Jonglei population breakdown
Organization and context
At the time of the vote, Jonglei was the largest state in Sudan by area. The holding of the election presented logistic challenges, as much of the state was not reachable by road. There were 600 polling stations and 670 committees across the state. Mecak Ajang Alaak was the Chairman of the Jonglei State Election High Commission.Sudan Tribune. Jonglei election results: Kuol Manyang wins governorship
A United Nations Mission in Sudan helicopter assisted the authorities to transport voting materials back to the state capital Bor. Delays in receiving ballot boxes from polling stations resulted in delays of announcement of preliminary results. Observers from the Carter Center observed party agents assisting Election Commission workers in counting of votes, but refrained from stating that this would have been a systematic practice.
595,901 persons were registered as voters. This was estimated to correspond to 88% of the population aged 18 years and above. Each voter would be given 12 different ballots (President of Sudan, National Assembly of Sudan geographic constituency, National Assembly of Sudan Party-List, National Assembly of Sudan Women's List, President of Southern Sudan, Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly geographic constituency, Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly Party-List, Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly Women's List, Governor of Jonglei, Jonglei State Legislative Assembly geographic constituency, Jonglei State Legislative Assembly Party-List and Jonglei State Legislative Assembly Women's List).
From 2009 onwards inter-tribal violence in Jonglei escalated. In the run-up to the elections, politicians sought to capitalize on tribal rivalries to mobilize voters.Small Arms Survey. My neighbour, my enemy - Inter-tribal violence in Jonglei. Human Security Baseline Assessment, Number 21 October 2012 Pre-electoral violence caused largescale population displacements in Jonglei.
SPLM nominations
Ahead of the election, it was widely presumed that SPLM would win and thus competition over SPLM tickets was fierce. The State SPLM Electoral College met on 10 January 2010 to decide the party nominations for the April election. The meeting evaluated 228 potential candidates. The State SPLM Electoral College ranked five candidates for governor, leaving to the SPLM Political Bureau to finalize the decision. The State SPLM Electoral College named 91 candidates for the other posts up for election.
William Borien Gola was nominated by the State SPLM Electoral College as the candidate for the Pibor West (Gumuruk, Lekwongole) geographic constituency for the Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly, but this decision was over-ridden by the SPLM Political Bureau which named Francis Lokurunga as the SPLM candidate for the seat.Sudan Tribune. SPLM candidates’ nomination contested
Results
President of Sudan
Like in all southern states (except Upper Nile) the SPLM candidate Yasir Arman was the most voted presidential candidate. Yasir Arman finishing in second place nation-wide. The winning candidate and incumbent President Omar al-Bashir finished in third place in Jonglei. Independent candidate Mahmood Ahmed Jeha, who obtained 0.71% of the vote nation-wide, finished in second place in Jonglei. He obtained 39.50% of his nation-wide vote in Jonglei state alone.
National Assembly of Sudan
Jonglei elected 9 deputies from First-past-the-post single member constituencies, 2 deputies from Party-list proportional representation vote and 4 deputies from Women's list vote (also Party-list proportional representation).National Election Commission (Sudan). SPLM won all seats, except the 8th parliamentary constituency (Akobo County) were the NCP candidate Riek Gai Kok defeated the SPLM candidate. In the case of the 6th constituency (Twic East County, Duk County) the SPLM candidate Atem Garang Deng was elected by acclamation.Radio Tamazuj. أتيم قرنق يسحب استقالته ويرفض زيادة رواتب البرلمانيينSudan Tribune. SPLM names Jonglei nominees for April electionsSudan Tribune. 27 MPs declared winners by default in Sudan elections
The deputies elected on the Party-list were Lual Achuek Lual (Twic East County) and David Dhil Chol (Ayod County). The deputies elected on the Women's List were Emelda Modi Benerato (Akobo County), Munira John Abdelwahab (Pochalla County), Elizabeth John Kuol Akech (Pigi County) and Anna Abyei Wuor (Duk County).
+ Summary of 2010 National Assembly of Sudan election in JongleiPartyNo. ofcandidatesFPTPVotes FPTP% of FPTPvotes state-wideFPTP seats wonParty-list vote% of Party-list voteParty-list seats wonWomen's list vote% of Women's list voteWomen's list seats wonTotal number of seats wonSudan People's Liberation Movement9148,87675.37%8108,13374.20%2110,87771.03%414National Congress Party830,97615.68%11Sudan African National Union38,0864.09%United Democratic Front35,7772.92%Union of Sudan African Parties13,0061.52%Sudan People's Liberation Movement–Democratic Change18070.41%Independents310,0145.07%Total92415 Source: In the case of the Proportional representation lists, only lists winning seats have their voting tally specified.
+ Summary of the 2010 National Assembly of Sudan election in the geographic constituencies of Jonglei No. Counties Winningcandidate SPLM NCP SANU UDF USAP SPLM-DC Ind. Total validvotes perconstituency 1 Pigi Kuol Lual Awuol (SPLM) 14,423 7,727 22,150 2 Old Fangak John Badeng Chan (SPLM) 5,696 4,906 2,513 807 13,115 3 Ayod Jacob Duany Waw (SPLM) 2,441 412 2,227 817 5,080 4 Nyirol Michael Ruot Koryom (SPLM) 5,535 4,944 1,037 3,006 14,522 5 Uror Michael Chot Lul (SPLM) 15,216 2,858 4,812 9,197 22,886 6 Twic East, Duk Atem Garang Deng (SPLM) Acclamation N/A 7 Bor South Maker Thiong Maal (SPLM) 60,948 3,038 63,986 8 Akobo Riek Gai Kok (NCP) 4,716 5,256 1,001 10,973 9 Pibor, Pochalla Lawuryen Ibon Korlem (SPLM) 39,901 1,835 2,273 44,009 Total 148,876 30,976 8,086 5,777 3,006 807 10,014 196,721 Source: In the 5th constituency, there were two different independent candidates, whose votes are combined in the table above.
President of Southern Sudan
Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly
Jonglei elected 17 deputies from First-past-the-post single member constituencies, 4 deputies from Party-list proportional representation vote and 7 deputies from Women's list vote (also Party-list proportional representation). SPLM won all the Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly seats, except the 6th legislative constituency were independent candidate Timothy Taban Juch defeated the SPLM candidate and incumbent Southern Sudan Minister for Energy and Mining John Luk Jok. + Summary of 2010 Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly election in JongleiPartyNo. ofcandidatesFPTPVotes FPTP% of FPTPvotes state-wideFPTP seats wonParty-list vote% of Party-list voteParty-list seats wonWomen's list vote% of Women's list voteWomen's list seats wonTotal number of seats wonSudan People's Liberation Movement16172,11168.44%15107,12072.44%7104,61070.88%426National Congress Party108,8753.53%United Salvation Front17,9413.16%Union of Sudan African Parties13,7501.49%Democratic Front of South Sudan12,4560.98%United Democratic Front11,8860.75%Sudan African National Union11,0680.42%Original United Democratic Salvation Front11280.05%Independents1353,23621.17%11Total167427 Source: Data from 16 out of 17 constituencies, missing constituency no. 12 (Duk). In the case of the Proportional representation lists, only lists winning seats have their voting tally specified.