"The Elder" and "the Younger" are epithets generally used to distinguish between two individuals, often close relatives. In some instances, one of the pair is much more famous, and hence not known as "the Elder" or "the Younger", e.g. Carl Linnaeus; in such cases, they are not listed in a separate column but rather in the notes of the lesser-known person.

People Ancient world + Ordered alphabetically by first name The Elder Lifespan Notes Relationship The Younger Lifespan Notes Adobogiona the Elder c. 90 BC–c. 50 BC Galatian princess Mother of Adobogiona the Younger c. 70 BC–c. 30 BC Illegitimate daughter of King of Pontus Mithridates VI Eupator Agrippina the Elder c. 14 BC–33 AD Wife of Roman general Germanicus Mother of Agrippina the Younger 15–59 Roman empress, wife and niece of Emperor Claudius Aristaeus the Elder 370 BC–300 BC Greek mathematician. Pappus of Alexandria refers to him as the Elder, but nothing is known about the other Aristaeus. Aristippus c. 435 BC–c. 356 BC Greek Hedonistic philosopher Grandfather of Aristippus the Younger c. 380 BC – ? Greek philosopher Aristomachos I died c. 240 BC Greek tyrant Father of Aristomachos II died. c. 223 BC Greek general and tyrant Arnobius died c. 330 Christian apologist Arnobius the Younger 460 Christian priest or bishop in Gaul and author Basil the Elder died 360 Christian saint, son of saint Macrina the Elder and father of saint Macrina the Younger (see below) Basil the Younger died 944 or 952 Byzantine Greek holy man and visionary; no consensus whether Basil was a real person or a fabrication Cato the Elder 234 BC–149 BC Roman soldier, senator and historian Great-grandfather of Cato the Younger 95 BC–46 BC Roman senator Cephisodotus the Elder Greek sculptor Grandfather of Cephisodotus the Younger 4th century BC Greek sculptor Cicero Minor 68 BC–28 BC or later Son of Cicero Cyrus the Great c. 600 BC–530 BC Founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian empire Cyrus the Younger died 401 BC Achaemenid prince and general Dionysius I of Syracuse c. 432 BC–367 BC Greek tyrant of Syracuse Father of Dionysius II of Syracuse c. 397 BC–343 BC Greek politician and ruler of Syracuse Domitilla the Elder died before 69 Wife of Vespasian; died before he became Emperor of Rome Mother of Domitilla the Younger c. 45–c. 66 Only daughter of Vespasian Drusus the Elder / Nero Claudius Drusus 38 BC–9 BC Roman politician and general Uncle of Drusus Julius Caesar 14 BC–23 AD Son and heir of Roman emperor Tiberius Faustina the Elder c. 100–140 Wife of Roman emperor Antoninus Pius Mother of Faustina the Younger c. 130–175/176 Wife of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius Gaius Marius the Younger c. 110 BC–82 BC Ancient Roman general, politician and consul; son of Gaius Marius, a general and statesman Hillel the Elder c. 110 BC–10 AD Jewish religious leader, sage and scholar, sometimes confused with Hillel II ( 320–385) Homerus of Byzantium early 3rd century BC Ancient Greek grammarian and tragic poet, sometimes called ho Neoteros ("the Younger") to distinguish him from the poet Homer Hydarnes 6th and 5th centuries BC Persian satrap Father of Hydarnes the Younger 5th century BC Persian satrap, leader of the Immortals during the Battle of Thermopylae (480 BC) Intef the Elder c. 2150 BC Ancient Egyptian nomarch of Thebes; ancestor of Intef I ( late 22nd century BC), a pharaoh of the 11th Dynasty Julia Major before 103 BC–? Elder sister of Julius Caesar Elder sister of Julia Minor before 100 BC–51 BC Also an elder sister of Julius Caesar, as well as grandmother of Emperor Augustus Julia the Elder 39 BC–14 AD Daughter of Emperor Augustus and second wife of Emperor Tiberius Mother of Julia the Younger 19 BC–c. 29 AD Daughter of Julia the Elder's second husband, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Macarius of Egypt c. 300–391 Coptic Christian monk and hermit Contemporary of Macarius of Alexandria c. 300–395 Egyptian monk and Coptic saint Macrina the Elder before 270–c. 340 Christian saint Grandmother of Macrina the Younger c. 327–July 379 Christian saint Melania the Elder c. 350–before 410 or c. 417 Christian saint Grandmother of Melania the Younger c. 383–439 Christian saint Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the elder) died 464 BC Greek philosopher Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger) 331/0 BC–278/7 BC Greek philosopher Miltiades the Elder c. 590 BC–525 BC Athenian politician Half uncle of Miltiades c. 550 BC–489 BC Athenian general Nilus of Sinai died 430 or 451 Christian saint Nilus the Younger 910–1005 Christian saint, monk and abbot Octavia the Elder died after 29 BC Half-sister of the first Roman emperor, Augustus Elder half-sister of Octavia the Younger c. 66 BC–11 BC Elder sister of Emperor Augustus Olympiodorus the Elder 5th century Byzantine philosopher Olympiodorus the Younger 6th century Byzantine philosopher, astrologer and teacher Osorkon the Elder 992 BC–986 BC Ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 21st Dynasty; granduncle of Osorkon I ( 922 BC–887 BC), a pharaoh of the 22nd Dynasty Philip II 237–249 Son and heir of the Roman emperor Philip the Arab Philostratus of Lemnos c. 190–c. 230 Greek sophist/philosopher Possibly the grandfather of Philostratus the Younger 3rd century Greek sophist/philosopher Pliny the Elder 23/24–79 Roman author, naturalist, natural philosopher, and naval and army commander Uncle of Pliny the Younger 61–c. 113 Roman lawyer, author and magistrate Polykleitos died c. 420 BC Greek sculptor Father of Polykleitos the Younger c. 4th century BC Greek architect and sculptor Poppaea Sabina the Elder c. 10–c. 47 Roman aristocrat Mother of Poppaea Sabina 30–65 Second wife of the Emperor Nero Publius Vitellius the Elder 1st century BC Ancient Roman eques and procurator, grandfather of Emperor Vitellus Father of Publius Vitellius the Younger died c. 31 Roman commander of two legions Scipio Africanus 236/235 BC–183 BC Roman general in the Second Punic War and statesman Adoptive grandfather of Scipio Africanus the Younger / Scipio Aemilianus 185 BC–129 BC Roman general in the Third Punic War and statesman Seneca the Elder c. 54 BC–c. 39 AD Roman writer Father of Seneca the Younger c. 4 BC–65 AD Roman philosopher, statesman, dramatist and satirist Serapion the Elder / Yahya ibn Sarafyun second half of the 9th century Christian physician Serapion the Younger 12th or 13th century Author of a medicinal-botany book titled The Book of Simple Medicaments Simeon Stylites c. 390–459 Syrian Christian ascetic/stylite noted for living 37 years on a small platform on top of a pillar Simeon Stylites the Younger 521–596/597 Stylite and Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic saint Tarquin the Elder / Lucius Tarquinius Priscus c. 616–578 BC Legendary fifth king of Rome Theodosius the Elder died 376 Roman general Great-grandfather of Theodosius II 401–450 Roman emperor Tigranes the Younger 65 BC Briefly King of Sophene; son of Tigranes the Great, King of Armenia

Middle Ages Note: A few pairs straddle the boundary between the Middle Ages and the modern era—c. 1500—and are listed in both sections.