Some countries' constitutions limit freedom of association by prohibiting paramilitary organizations outside the government constitution. In most cases, there is no definition of paramilitary, and court decisions are responsible for defining that concept.
Angola
Article 48.4. of the Constitution of Angola prohibits any military, militarized or paramilitary-type associations.
In addition, Article 17.2(e) prohibits the use of military, paramilitary or militarized organizations by political parties.
Brazil
Article 5.XVII. of the Constitution of Brazil prohibits any paramilitary associations.
In addition, Article 17.§4° prohibits the use of paramilitary organizations by political parties.
Bulgaria
Article 44.2. of the Constitution of Bulgaria prohibits any organization with paramilitary structures.
Cape Verde
Article 51.4. of the Constitution of Cape Verde prohibits any paramilitary associations.
In addition, Article 126.1. prohibits the use of paramilitary organizations by political parties.
Comoros
Article 35 of the Constitution of the Comoros prohibits the use of paramilitary organizations by political parties.
Congo
Article 190 of the Constitution of the Republic of the Congo prohibits any paramilitary groups or private militias under penalty of high treason.
Gabon
Article 1.22°. of the Constitution of Gabon prohibits private militia or para-military groups.
Guinea-Bissau
Article 55.3. of the Constitution of Guinea-Bissau prohibits any armed, military, militarized or paramilitary associations.
Iraq
Article 9.B. of the Constitution of Iraq prohibits the formation of military militias outside the framework of the armed forces.
Kazakhstan
Article 5.3. of the Constitution of Kazakhstan prohibits any formation of unauthorized paramilitary units.
Kenya
Article 239.4. of the Constitution of Kenya prohibits any paramilitary associations except authorized by an act of parliament.
In addition, Article 91.2.(c). prohibits the use of paramilitary organizations or militias by political parties.
Mozambique
Article 52.3. of the Constitution of Mozambique prohibits any armed associations of a military or paramilitary nature.
North Macedonia
Article 20 of the Constitution of North Macedonia prohibits any military or paramilitary associations which do not belong to the Armed Forces.
Oman
Article 14 of the Basic Statute of Oman prohibits any paramilitary formation.
Paraguay
Article 42 of the Constitution of Paraguay prohibits any paramilitary association.
Philippines
Article XVIII.Sec 24. of the Constitution of the Philippines prohibits private armies and other armed groups not recognized by a duly constituted authority.
Portugal
Article 46.4. of the Constitution of Portugal prohibits armed associations, military, militarised or paramilitary-type associations.
Romania
Article 118.4. of the Constitution of Romania prohibits military or paramilitary activities outside the framework of a state authority.
Serbia
Article 55 of the Constitution of Serbia prohibits any paramilitary association.
South Sudan
Article 151.3. of the Constitution of South Sudan prohibits any armed or paramilitary force except in accordance with the law.
Spain
Section 22.5. of the Constitution of Spain prohibits any paramilitary association.
Timor-Leste
Article 43.3. of the Constitution of Timor-Leste prohibits any armed, military or paramilitary associations.
Ukraine
Article 37 of the Constitution of Ukraine prohibits political parties and public associations from having paramilitary formations.
Yemen
Article 36 of the Constitution of Yemen prohibits paramilitary groups.
References