5th century in Lebanon Key event(s): Chronology: This article lists historical events that occurred between 401–500 in modern-day Lebanon or regarding its people.

Administration

Constantine's province of Augusta Libanensis was short-lived, but formed the basis of the re-division of Phoenice into the Phoenice I or Phoenice Paralia (, "coastal Phoenice"), and Phoenice II or Phoenice Libanensis (Lebanese Phoenicia);(Φοινίκη Λιβανησία), with Tyre and Emesa as their respective capitals. In the , written shortly after the division, Phoenice I is governed by a consularis, while Libanensis is governed by a praeses, with both provinces under the Diocese of the East.Notitia Dignitatum, in partibus Orientis, I Only two governors of Phoenice were known from the reign of Theodosius II (408–450) to that of Justin I (518–527).J.R. Martindale, Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, vol. II: AD 395–527,

Cambridge 1980, pp. 1186–1187 (fasti).

Culture Chariot racing in Berytus was documented by Zacharias of Mytilene in his Life of Severus around 487–488 CE. Additionally, a statue base from Constantinople indicates that the renowned charioteer Porphyrius competed in Berytus during the late fifth century.Paturel, Simone (2019), p 129.

Events 400s

Around the year 400, Rabbula, the future bishop of Edessa, attempts to have himself martyred by interrupting and disrupting the pagans of Baalbek but he was only thrown down the temple stairs along with his companion. A village featuring a luxurious building with Roman thermal baths and two large winepresses is established in the modern region of Zaarour, . In 404 AD, towards the end of the reign of Arcadius, numerous Isaurian robbers gather in great numbers and ravage cities and villages as far as Phoenicia. John Chrysostom writes to Maron around AD 405 expressing his great love and respect, and asking him to pray for him.

410s The Christianization of Lebanon begins. The followers of Maron (a Syriac Christian hermit monk who practiced his religion in the Taurus Mountains) put a foundation to the religious Christian movement after his death in 410 AD that became known as the Syriac Maronite Church, in full communion with the Holy See and the Catholic Church. The peoples who belong to the religious community which developed from this movement are the modern Maronites.

420s

By the 5th century, the law school of Berytus had established its leading position and repute among the Empire's law schools; its teachers were highly regarded and played a chief role in the development of legal learning in the East to the point that they were dubbed “ecumenical masters”.Jolowicz 1972, p. 453Pomeroy 2012, pp. 41–42 From 425, the law school of Constantinople becomes a rival center of law study.Riddle 2008, p. 107

430s Marcellinus, bishop of Arqa, participates at the Council of Ephesus in 431.Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 7, p. 86Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 434 in which Cyrus, bishop of Tyre (?–431), is deposed as a supporter of Nestorius. and Berenicianus is ordained as his successor as the bishop of Tyre. (431–?)Vitalien Laurent, Le corpus des sceaux de l'empire Byzantin, vol. V/2, Paris, 1965, nº 1531.

440s

In 440, Anatolius (Greek: Ανατόλιος, fl. 421 – 451) a diplomat and general of the Eastern Roman Empire and Consul directs some works at the Heliopolis of Phoenicia.This episode, told by Procopius in the Persian Wars, I.2.11-15, could be placed in 421, during the previous war against the Sassanids (Michael H. Dodgeon, Samuel N. C. Lieu, Geoffrey Greatrex, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, Part 2, CRC Press, 2002, , p. 259). In the summer of 2017 a Greek inscription, five-metres long, naming Irenaeus as bishop of Tyre, was found west of the Sea of Galilee. Since the inscription provides the date of the church's completion as 445, it gives credence to a date as early as 444 CE for his ordination. Epiphanius, bishop of Arqa, takes part in a synod at Antioch in 448. A council is held in Tyre, February, 449, to discuss and examine the nestorian beliefs of Ibas, Bishop of Edessa. This council had serious consequences at Chalcedon and especially at the Council of the Three Chapters in 553.Hefele-Leclercq, op. cit., II, 493-98

450s in 450 AD Berytus obtains from Theodosius II the title of metropolis, with jurisdiction over six sees taken from Tyre. Heraclitus, bishop of Arqa, Porphyrius, a bishop from Batroun,Lequien, II, 827 and Thomas, the bishop of Porphyreon (Jieh), participate in the Council of Chalcedon, 451 AD, in which the Maronites reject miaphysitisim and maintain full communion with the then united Orthodox Catholic Church.Attwater, Donald; The Christian Churches of the East It's also decided in the council to restore the jurisdiction of the six sees Berytus obtained, back to Tyre, leaving, however, to Berytus its rank of metropolis.Mansi, VII, 85–98 Thus, from 451 AD Berytus is an exempt metropolis which depends directly on the Patriarch of Antioch.Catholic E.:Berytus (1)

In 452, after the Council of Chalcedon, the Maronite Beth-Maron monastery at Apamea (present day Qalaat al-Madiq) get expanded by the Byzantine emperor Marcian. Heraclitus, bishop of Arqa, signs the letter that the bishops of the province of Syria Phoenicia sent in 458 to Byzantine Emperor Leo I the Thracian to protest about the murder of Proterius of Alexandria.

460s

In 460 AD, the emperor Leo I issues an edict that orders candidates for the bar of the Eastern praetorian prefecture to produce certificates of proficiency from the law teachers who instruct them at one of the recognized law schools of the Empire. As a result, learning law at the law school of Berytus becomes highly desired.Jolowicz 1972, pp. 454–455Mousourakis 2003, p. 363

470s John II Codonatus, archbishop of Tyre, becomes patriarch of Antioch (477).The episcopate of John II Codonatus is placed in either 475–490, 476/477, 476–477, or 477.Eder & Renger (2007), p. 327.Hainthaler (2013), p. 297.Chadwick (2001), p. 718.Honigmann (1947), p. 138.Whitby (2000), p. 320. A mosaic from Upper Galilee, then part of Phoenice Paralios (Maritima), is completed on 16 April 478 in the celebration of the visit of Longinus, the archbishop of Tyre and several other ecclesiastical figures on the first Sunday after Easter.

480s

The synod of Sidon is convened in 486 AD.The Reign of Anastasius I, 491-518 - Oxford University Research Archive The Metropolitan of Tyre establishes himself as the first in precedence (protothronos) of all the Metropolitans subject to Antioch. In 487, Zacharias Rhetor travels to Berytus to study law at its law school. He stayed there, and led an ascetic life. In 488, Severus of Antioch is baptised at the Church of Saint Leontius at Tripolis (modern-day Tripoli) with Evagrius as his sponsor.Chapman, John (1911). "Monophysites and Monophysitism". The Catholic Encyclopedia.

490s In 491/492, during the reign of Anastasius I, Lakhmid Arabs invade Phoenicia Libanensis, reaching as far as Emesa.The Reign of Anastasius I, 491-518 - Oxford University Research Archive, p. 88. The collatio lustralis tax is abolished by Anastasius I throughout the Eastern Roman Empire in the year 498 as part of his fiscal and monetary reforms, relieving economically all merchants, money-lenders, and craftsmen.Linda Jones Hall (2004) p. 28

Religion Ecclesiastical administration The ecclesiastical administration paralleled the political, but with some differences. When the province was divided , Damascus, rather than Emesa, became the metropolis of Phoenice II. Both provinces belonged to the Patriarchate of Antioch, with Damascus initially outranking Tyre, whose position was also briefly challenged by the see of Berytus ; after 480/1, however, the Metropolitan of Tyre established himself as the first in precedence (protothronos) of all the Metropolitans subject to Antioch.

People Professors:

Dates of service(uncertain dates in italic) Names(uncertain names in italic)400–410, 438Cyrillus420–450Patricius450–490DomninusDemosthenesEudoxiusMay–June 460Euxenius480–500AmblichusBefore 487/488 – LeontiusEnd of the 5th century, early 6th centurySabinusAnonymous, mentioned in the Scholia Sinaitica

Architecture

Hamatoura monastery (Arabic: دَيْر رُقَاد ٱلسَّيِّدَة حَمَاطُورَة), Kousba. Anastasi Romano-Byzantine Cathedral, modern-day Nejmeh Square, Beirut. Church of the Theotokos, Berytus (Beirut), city center, beside the port.Vie de Sévère 69Vie de Sévère 46-48 Church of Saint Judas, Beirut.Vie de Sévère 63 Martyrion of Saint Stephen, Beirut.Vie de Sévère 55 A Christian basilica with columns built towards the end of the 5th century, Yanouh. Saint-Zakhia church, near Amsheet.Lahoud, Adib; Al Dawha al Amchitiya, 1954, Dar El Tibaa wal Nasher, Rue des Cèdres, Saifi, Beyrouth. A Christian basilica with mosaics, dated to AD 498, Shheem.

References

Bibliography