Susan Richardson (June 6, 1810 – June 16, 1904), also known as Aunt Susan and Susan Van Allen, was an enslaved person who escaped and later helped to found Allen Chapel AME in Galesburg, a town that was a known safe haven on the Underground Railroad.Owen W Muelder, The Underground Railroad in Western Illinois (McFarland & Company Inc, 2008), 118-119. Her escape prompted the 1844 Illinois Supreme Court case Borders v. Hayes.Carol Pirtle, Escape Betwixt Two Suns: A True Tale of the Underground Railroad in Illinois, (Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 104. Richardson helped escaped slaves on the underground railroad while she lived in Galesburg.Owen W Muelder, The Underground Railroad in Western Illinois (McFarland & Company Inc, 2008), 109.
Early life Susan “Sukey” Richardson, was born Susan Neil on June 6, 1810, in Virginia.Owen W Muelder, The Underground Railroad in Western Illinois (McFarland & Company Inc, 2008), 119. She was enslaved by Andrew Borders after he received her from a dowry from his marriage to Martha Borders. The Borders’ moved from Georgia to Randolph County, Illinois on January 1, 1816, almost moving their four slaves, including Richardson. Illinois required all indentured servants to be registered, although it was considered a “free” territory. On January 10, 1817, at the age of five, Susan was officially indentured to Borders.Carol Pirtle, Escape Betwixt Two Suns: A True Tale of the Underground Railroad in Illinois, (Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 5.
At the time of her escape, Richardson was about 31 years old and brought her three sons with her: Jarrot, about 12 years old, Anderson, almost 4, and Harrison, about 2.Carol Pirtle, Escape Betwixt Two Suns: A True Tale of the Underground Railroad in Illinois, (Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 3. Another source claimed that her oldest child was 17 years old.Chas C Chapman & Co, History of Knox County, Illinois, (Chicago: Blakely, Brown & Marsh, 1878), 203. Given descriptions of Jarrot, it is likely that Borders fathered Jarrot, most likely without Richardson's consent. It is reported that Borders threatening her sons prompted Richardson to run away along with 19/20 year-old Hannah, daughter of Sarah Morrison, a previous runaway slave of Borders.
Friends of Rational Liberty v. Borders Friends of Rational Liberty v. Borders was a court case largely over the legality of slavery in Illinois, and took place in April 1842.Hermann R Muelder, Fighters For Freedom: A History of Anti-Slavery Activities of Men and Women Associated with Knox College, (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), 206-207. The court case originated after Andrew Borders badly wounded Sarah Morrison's arm, an indentured servant he had acquired in 1825. The next night, Morrison escaped and went to the neighboring house of Matthew Chambers, and then later fled as to not be found by the Borders. Morrison had left behind her daughter Hannah in the care of Richardson. Borders sued Chambers for harboring Morrison, and a case was heard in April 1843. Borders won, but the case was appealed to the Illinois Supreme Court, where in December 1843 the decision was reversed.Carol Pirtle, Escape Betwixt Two Suns: A True Tale of the Underground Railroad in Illinois, (Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 2. Borders blamed the neighborhood for stealing and secreting his property. Some of these people came together to form an assembly called the “Friends of Rational Liberty,” which entered suit in Morrison's name to try the Borders for assault, resulting in the 1843 case Sarah v. Borders, or Borders v. Borders. Counsels on both sides agreed that to try the general question regarding whether slavery could constitutionally exist in Illinois. A large issue they took into consideration was the Ordinance of 1787 because Morrison was indentured before Illinois was officially a state. Andrew Borders won the case, arguing that slavery had always been permitted in the territory. After the Friends of Rational Liberty lost, they appealed the case to the Illinois Supreme Court to challenge the legality of holding slaves in Illinois. The Illinois Supreme Court affirmed the original judgment, stating that the court lacked the ability to make political decisions, and that the people should make the decisions on whether persons of color's rights should be fixed based on the state's constitution, though all of Border's slaves, including Richardson, had escaped before the verdict was officially handed down.Sarah v. Borders, 5 Ill. 341, 1843 Ill. LEXIS 38, 4 Scam. 341. (December 1843) No Number in Original.Carol Pirtle, Escape Betwixt Two Suns: A True Tale of the Underground Railroad in Illinois, (Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 1-3.
Richardson’s escape to freedom
Richardson escaped slave owner Andrew Borders on September 15, 1842, with her three children, accompanied by Hannah Morrison, another indentured servant to the Borders family.Sparta’s Link To The “Underground Railroad”. 1989. William Hayes Family Papers. Hayes Family Background Material folder. Special Collections and Archives, Henry M. Seymour Library, Knox College, Galesburg, IL However, the exact timeline of Richardson and her children's runaway is unknown. Carol Pirtle's book titled Escape Betwixt Two Suns indicated that it was Wednesday, August 31, 1842, when the enslaved people escaped Borders. They apparently got on the Underground Railroad at Cairo to go to Canton and then reached Farmington, the extreme northeast corner of Fulton County, safely on September 5.Chas C Chapman & Co, History of Knox County, Illinois, (Chicago: Blakely, Brown & Marsh, 1878), 205. On this journey, the enslaved people apparently arrived at William Hayes’ farm outside of Eden. Hayes allegedly helped Richardson and the children on their journey to Knoxville as their final destination. Testimonies from several residents living in Knoxville advocated for Hayes’ involvement in the escape. One claimed that Hayes had accompanied Richardson on a boat "up to the mouth of Coperras Creek" while another said part of the fugitives’ journey was in Hayes’ wagon. A citizen even claimed that Hayes had obtained certificates proving the slaves were free. Other witnesses argued against his participation in general. Hayes himself said he never aided the escape of the slaves in question.
While in Knoxville, Richardson, her sons, and Hannah Morrison were arrested and all placed in the Knox County Jail for 6 weeks, until one day they were put up for auction, supposedly to pay off their jail fees. While many people arrived for the spectacle, only a single bid was placed of fifty cents for Hannah.Carol Pirtle, Escape Betwixt Two Suns: A True Tale of the Underground Railroad in Illinois, (Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 63.
After the auction, Richardson and her children were released from police custody. As runaways, Richardson rented a home in Knoxville and became a housekeeper, the same position she had with Borders. Her two young boys assisted with her cleaning job while Jarrot, the oldest, worked at a nearby farm.
Late November, early December 1843, Borders arrived in Knox County with indentured papers for Richardson and her children. After showing these documents to Sheriff Peter Frans, Borders and the sheriff went to retrieve the boys from their hotel.Carol Pirtle, Escape Betwixt Two Suns: A True Tale of the Underground Railroad in Illinois, (Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 64. According to the History of Knox County, Borders met the younger children in the hallway of the hotel they were hiding at. Unfortunately, the oldest son was also unable to escape. Borders claimed that he could not get to Richardson because she “either ran away or was taken away.” After capturing the boys, they were imprisoned at the Knox County Jail and Borders was able to retrieve the boys after paying the jail fee. It's said that Borders thought that if he captured the children, Richardson would follow after: "If I can get the children I am not afraid but what the old one will follow."Chas C Chapman & Co, History of Knox County, Illinois, (Chicago: Blakely, Brown & Marsh, 1878), 206. Grief-stricken, Richardson wanted to go after her children, but her friends persuaded her to escape. It is speculated that Charles Gilbert arrived at Rev. Cole (the Presbyterian minister of the town)’s residence to take Richardson, dressed in Mrs. Cole’s attire, to Galesburg. After these events took place members of the community came together and filed suit against Borders as they believed that his actions were unjust and that his indentured servant papers may have been fraudulent.
Members of the Indentured Servant Committee v. Borders and Richardson v. Borders Members of the Indentured Servant Committee came together and filed suit as they believed that the indentures were either fraudulent, or at least defective. They also brought up another suit against Borders in Richardson’s name for false imprisonment of her boys. Borders was asked to provide the indentures for the boys and that he wouldn’t be bothered until the next secession of the circuit court. Borders refused to show the papers to validate the legitimacy of his claims, and instead left town. A warrant was provided for his arrest, and the arrest of his son, and they were imprisoned, found guilty of false imprisonment, and fined five hundred dollars. Borders finally provided the indentures to prove he owned the children, but the committee found them faulty as Jarrot’s age was cut out of the paper. Borders and his son were found guilty and fined four hundred dollars, which they refused to pay. For this refusal to pay, they were sent to the same jail that Richardson’s children were imprisoned in. This prison was described as cold due to it being open to the elements and “‘too uncomfortable a place to spend the night,’” though it was apparently adequate for the Richardson's children who had been imprisoned there. Sheriff Fran provided Borders and his son accommodations to make their imprisonment more comfortable. Borders and his son did not stay long as an unknown person supplied their bail. The children, though, had disappeared, and where they went remains somewhat of a mystery. It is speculated that Borders and the Sheriff were responsible for their disappearance, and that the boys were taken south and sold. In 1844, it was reported that Jarrot died in a mill accident.Carol Pirtle, Escape Betwixt Two Suns: A True Tale of the Underground Railroad in Illinois, (Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 106.
Borders v. Hayes court cases On February 8, 1843, Borders sued Hayes for $2,500 in damages for aiding the escape of Susan Borders, Hannah Morrison, and Susan's three children, Jarrot, Anderson, and Harrison. Originally, the case was going to take place in Randolph County, but, on April 28, it was moved to Pinckneyville, Perry County, Illinois because the defendant, Hayes, felt that the residents of Randolph county were prejudiced against him for his involvement in the Underground Railroad. The trial began on April 18, 1844. During this case James Shield was the judge appointed by the supreme court justices. William Bissel and Gustave Koerner were the attorneys for Andrew Borders and William H Underwood and Lyman Trumbull were the attorneys for Hayes.
Borders tried to argue that Susan Richardson and her kids were rightfully his property and that William Hayes had broken the law by aiding and helping them to escape from the border's house. There were seven counts that were mentioned against Hayes in the Perry court case:
Aiding the escape of the plaintiff's servants from Sep 15 to Dec 1, 1842, and related costs Aiding the escape of Sukey (Susan Richardson), one of the plaintiff's servants, and related costs Aiding the escape of another of the plaintiff's servants, and related costs