The Panther KF51 (KF is short for German "Kettenfahrzeug" ) is a German fourth-generation main battle tank (MBT) that is under development by Rheinmetall. It was unveiled publicly at the Eurosatory defence exhibition on 13 June 2022. Different variants of the Panther KF51 are being co-developed by Rheinmetall with N7 in Hungary and Leonardo in Italy.
The KF51 is based on the hull of the Leopard 2A4, but with a new turret mounting an autoloaded 130 mm main gun. On 5 December 2022, Rheinmetall announced its plans to target mostly existing Leopard 2 operators with the KF51.
Development Rheinmetall began the development of major subsystems for the Panther in 2016, with system-level design commencing in 2018. The Panther was developed as a private venture by Rheinmetall to demonstrate by 2026 the potential for increasing the lethality, mobility, survivability, and networking capabilities of MBTs without incurring a significant increase in weight. To reduce the weight of the Leopard 2A4 platform on which the development vehicle was based, Rheinmetall prioritised active over passive protection.
Further developments under consideration for the vehicle include measures to make it more environmentally friendly during peacetime operations; the installation of a more powerful and more efficient engine; the integration of AI into the fire control system for automated target detection and identification; mounting an unmanned turret on the vehicle; and the creation of an unmanned version of the Panther. Efforts to make the tank more environmentally friendly could result in an alternative hull being developed for the Panther.
In August 2023, Viktor Orban announced in a TikTok(in Hungarian) 22 August 2023 video that the Hungarian government would join in the development of the KF51. He stated, "We are producing Lynxes, purchasing Leopards, and participating in the development of the Panther."(in Hungarian) 24 August 2023 According to some news agencies, the Hungarian government was planning to invest €300 million into the development and production of the KF51 Panther tank. According to Armin Papperger, the CEO of Rheinmetall AG, the development contract was signed with the Hungarian government in early September 2023, with production of the KF51 Panther possibly planned in the newly constructed Rheinmetall factory in Zalaegerszeg.
On 9 October 2025, Rheinmetall announced that the Hungarian Investment Promotion Agency would invest €1.4 million in the company's Zalaegerszeg facility. The money would be used to increase production and development capacity for the KF41 Lynx and KF51 Panther.
Concept and design The current KF51 demonstrator is based on the hull of the Leopard 2A4 and thus has a conventional MBT layout, with the driver at the front, the turret in the middle and the engine at the rear. The driver is seated in the front right of the hull and is provided with a single-piece hatch above their position in the roof of the glacis plate. A separate crew station can be provided in the left front of the hull for either a dedicated systems operator or a unit commander. Colour cameras for the driver are installed in the centre of the front and rear of the hull.
The Panther provides all crew members except the gunner with standardized crew stations, each featuring a large central 23-inch display screen and two smaller 10-inch displays below that. Two further screens are mounted to the left and right of the operator respectively, displaying the view from the left and right situational awareness cameras. Due to the demonstrator turret utilizing a version of the Leopard 2's EMES 15 gunner's sight, the gunner's place is slightly different. The use of standardized crew stations and drive-by-wire technology means that every crew member can take over every role, e.g. in theory the tank can also be driven by the commander and the gun can be fired by the driver.
Where the design of the KF51 departs from that of the preceding generation of most Western MBTs is by the introduction of a new two-person turret fitted with an autoloaded main gun. The rear of the turret houses the magazines for the main gun's automatic loader and pods for loitering munitions if these have been equipped. There are housings for cameras on all four corners of the turret and in the middle of each side of the turret.
The Panther is not intended to be a competitor to the Main Ground Combat System (MGCS) but meant to bridge the gap until the MGCS becomes available Being designed to be more affordable, Rheinmetall also believes that it will find a market besides the MGCS. Should the KF51 enter production, a new hull would be designed by Rheinmetall. Meanwhile, the Panther turret can be fitted onto a Leopard 2 tank as upgrade option.
Hull and mobility
The current KF51 demonstrator is based on the hull of the Leopard 2A4 and thus has a conventional MBT layout, with the driver at the front, the turret in the middle and the engine at the rear. The driver is seated in the front right of the hull and is provided with a single-piece hatch above their position in the roof of the glacis plate. A separate crew station can be provided in the left front of the hull for either a dedicated systems operator or a unit commander. Colour cameras for the driver are installed in the centre of the front and rear of the hull.
The engine, tracks and most of the running gear of the vehicle are also believed to have been derived from those of the Leopard 2. The Leopard 2's engine is an MTU MB 873 Ka-501 water-cooled V12 diesel engine producing at 2,600 rpm, coupled to a Renk HSWL 354 four-speed automatic transmission. The running gear of Leopard 2A4 consists of seven dual-tired rubber road wheels and four rubber-tired offset track return rollers on each side, with the idler at the front and the drive sprocket at the rear. The road wheels are supported by torsion bar suspension with advanced friction dampers. The first, second, third, sixth, and seventh road wheels feature advanced friction dampers and hydraulic bump stops to dampen oscillations, with the fourth and fifth fitted with solid bump stops. The KF51 is fitted with an 82-link Defence Service Tracks 570F track of 635 mm width with rubber-bushed end connectors on each side.
The KF51 Panther uses a Leopard 2 hull structure, running gear and power pack, to make the switch from Leopard 2 easier. At a weight of 59 tons, the Panther has a top speed of forward and backward. It can accelerate from 0 to in 8 seconds. It has a maximum range of 500 km. The Panther has a combat weight of 59 tonnes, making it lighter than most Western MBTs. Due to its lower weight and physical size, the KF51 Panther fits within the railroad tunnel profile AmovP-4l.
The production variants of the Panther will utilize new hull designed by Rheinmetall. For the Hungarian Panther EVO variant, it was announced that the new hull would be derived from the Bergepanzer 3 Büffel. Rheinmetall has apparently developed its own version of the Leopard 2 hull, free of KNDS intellectual property, for the Bergepanzer 3A2 Büffel variant. By using this new hull for the Bergepanzer 3A2, it would be tested and qualified by the German Bundeswehr.
Optics and electronics During the development of the KF51 Panther, a main goal of Rheinmetall's engineers was to minimize the sensor-to-shooter time gap; hence the Panther employs an AI-powered pixel change algorithm to automatically detect targets when static and on the move. The Panther demonstrator turret is fitted with the SEOSS 300 commander's sight and a variant of the EMES 15 gunner's sight also found on the Leopard 2 tank. The EMES sight has a new, fixed digital binocular sight, while work on integrating a dual thermal channel operating in both the long-wavelength and mid-wavelength infrared spectrums was being carried out in 2023.
Six SCM60 day and night digital see-through-armour system modules are mounted around the turret, providing a 360° situational awareness for the crew members. The system is already fielded on the Boxer CRV, Lynx and Puma IFV. For further situational awareness, an acoustic shooter locating system and laser warning receivers are installed on the KF51 Panther as well. All information is fused in a central computer system and provided to the crew. To detect drones, flat AESA radar panels could be installed on the turret.
The KF51 Panther is equipped with a battlefield management system and digital radios for controlling UAVs and UGVs. It is designed with an open digital architecture implementing the NGVA standard Each customer of the Panther has great influence on the selection of sub-components such as BMS, radio, RCWS and others. In these aspects, the Panther was designed to be modular to be adaptable to customer requirements.
For additional short range reconnaissance purposes, the KF51 Panther demonstrator turret includes launching bays for two small Stinger quadcopter, i.e. short-range UAVs, developed in cooperation with BärDrones. They have a 20–30 minute flight time and could be fitted with a small warhead for combat purposes.
Armament
Primary armament The primary armament of the KF51 is a stabilised Rheinmetall Rh-130 L/52 130 mm smoothbore gun that can be elevated from −9˚ to +20˚. Rheinmetall claims that this is capable of delivering between of energy onto a target and has a 50% longer effective range than Rheinmetall's 120 mm tank guns. The Rh-130 can fire armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS) ammunition, programmable air burst high-explosive (HE) rounds and practice projectiles.
The main gun is fed by an autoloader that consists of two conveyor-based magazines with a capacity of ten rounds each. Up to 10 further rounds can be carried on the tank. During a test firing in April 2022, the Rh-130 mounted on a test rig was able to fire three rounds in 16 seconds, though this included the time to perform safety checks. Two hatches are located in the turret sides to allow the autoloader's magazines to be replenished within five minutes. An option is available to carry an additional 10 rounds on the back of the vehicle outside of the hull and turret.
The autoloader was designed by the Swiss subsidiary of Rheinmetall, Rheinmetall Air Defence in Oerlikon, Zurich. The turret drive stabilisation system and the hand controllers will be supplied by the Swiss subsidiary of Curtiss-Wright, the system was selected by Rheinmetall in August 2025.
Secondary armament The secondary armament consists of a coaxially mounted 12.7 mm machine gun. Rheinmetall's 'Natter' remote controlled weapon station (RCWS) with a 7.62 mm machine gun (can be elevated from −15˚ to +85˚ and can carry 2,500 rounds of ammunition) can be mounted on the rear of the turret roof to provide close-in defence and a counter-unmanned aircraft system capability. The combination of commander's sight and RWS enables so-called hunter-killer and killer-killer operations.
The Panther's Advanced Mission Pod concept allows replacing either one or both magazines of the autoloader with specialized mission pods. These pods have the same size as the RAMP anti-tank missile launcher used on the Lance 2.0 turret used on the Lynx KF41 and Boxer CRV. At Eurosatory 2022, Rheinmetall showcased two options for mission pods: a quadruple launcher for the HERO 120 loitering munition from UVision and a mission pod carrying 13 UAVs.
The UAV pod mission pod was developed in cooperation with BärDrones. It carries a larger reconnaissance quadcopter that has a flight time of 50 minutes and automatically connects its battery for recharging after landing on the Panther. The bottom of the pod contains hydropneumatic launch tubes for twelve smaller Stinger drones. Those are micro-UAVs and have 20–30 minute flight time, top speed and the capacity to carry a warhead.
Protection systems