By-elections to the 44th Canadian Parliament were held to fill vacancies in the House of Commons of Canada between the 2021 federal election and the 2025 federal election. The 44th Canadian Parliament began in 2021 with the membership of its House of Commons having been determined by the results of the 44th Canadian federal election held on September 20, 2021. The Liberal Party of Canada had a minority government during this Parliament, supported by the New Democratic Party in a (2022 to 2024) confidence-and-supply agreement. The Conservative Party of Canada forms the Official Opposition.
Eleven by-elections were held during the 44th Parliament. They took place in the following electoral districts:
Mississauga—Lakeshore, following the resignation of Liberal MP Sven Spengemann to take on a role at the United Nations on May 27, 2022. Winnipeg South Centre, left vacant following the death of Liberal MP Jim Carr on December 12, 2022. Oxford, following the resignation of Conservative MP Dave MacKenzie on January 28, 2023. Portage—Lisgar, following the resignation of Conservative MP Candice Bergen on February 28, 2023. Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount, following the resignation of Liberal MP Marc Garneau on March 8, 2023. Calgary Heritage, following the resignation of Conservative MP Bob Benzen on December 31, 2022, to return to the private sector. Durham, following Conservative MP Erin O'Toole's resignation on August 1, 2023. Toronto—St. Paul's, following Liberal MP Carolyn Bennett's resignation on January 16, 2024. LaSalle—Émard—Verdun, following the resignation of Liberal MP David Lametti on February 1, 2024. Elmwood—Transcona, following the resignation of New Democratic MP Daniel Blaikie on March 31, 2024. Cloverdale—Langley City, following the resignation of Liberal MP John Aldag on May 27, 2024.
A by-election was called in the following electoral district, but was cancelled due to the 2025 Canadian federal election being called:
Halifax, following the resignation of Liberal MP Andy Fillmore on August 31, 2024. The writ of election was dropped on March 2nd and Election Day would have been April 14, 2025, but a federal election was called before then.
Under the Parliament of Canada Act, no byelection is held if the vacancy occurs within 9 months of the fixed date for the next general election. The following seats became vacant in the nine-month period prior to the fixed election date of October 20, 2025 and remained vacant until Parliament was dissolved on March 23, 2025: Honoré-Mercier, following the resignation of Independent MP Pablo Rodriguez on January 20, 2025. Esquimalt—Saanich—Sooke, following the resignation of New Democratic MP Randall Garrison on January 30, 2025. Eglinton—Lawrence, following the resignation of Liberal MP Marco Mendicino on March 14, 2025.
Summary
+ Analysis of byelections by turnout and vote share for winning candidate (vs 2021)Riding and winning partyTurnoutVote share for winning candidate % Change (pp) % Change (pp)Mississauga—LakeshoreHold 27.76 51.45 Winnipeg South CentreHold 36.82 55.49 OxfordHold 39.81 42.92 Portage—LisgarHold 45.47 64.95 Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—WestmountHold 29.93 50.87 Calgary HeritageHold 28.89 65.63 DurhamHold 27.97 57.44 Toronto—St. Paul'sGain 43.52 42.11 LaSalle—Émard—VerdunGain 39.56 28.02 Elmwood—TransconaHold 39.16 48.18 Cloverdale—Langley CityGain 16.27 66.30
Overview Electoral districtDate vacatedDate writ issuedBy-election datePrevious incumbentPartyCauseWinnerPartyRetainedMississauga—LakeshoreSven SpengemannResigned to accept a position with the United NationsYesWinnipeg South CentreJim CarrDeath (multiple myeloma and kidney failure)YesOxfordDave MacKenzieRetirementYesPortage—LisgarCandice BergenResignationYesNotre-Dame-de-Grâce—WestmountMarc GarneauRetirementYesCalgary HeritageBob BenzenResigned to return to the private sector YesDurhamErin O'TooleResignation YesToronto—St. Paul'sCarolyn BennettResigned to accept appointment as Ambassador to Denmark NoLaSalle—Émard—VerdunDavid LamettiResigned to join law firmLouis-Philippe SauvéNoElmwood—TransconaDaniel BlaikieResigned to work in Premier of Manitoba Wab Kinew's officeLeila DanceYesCloverdale—Langley CityNovember 10, 2024December 16, 2024John AldagResigned to run as the BC NDP candidate for Langley-Abbotsford in the 2024 British Columbia general election. No
December 12, 2022 by-election Mississauga—Lakeshore
The riding of Mississauga—Lakeshore was vacated on May 27, 2022, following the resignation of Liberal MP Sven Spengemann to accept a position with the United Nations. Spengemann had represented the riding since 2015, when he defeated Conservative incumbent Stella Ambler.
Running for the Liberals was former MPP Charles Sousa, who represented the area provincially from 2007 to 2018 and previously served in the provincial cabinets of Dalton McGuinty and Kathleen Wynne, including as Minister of Finance from 2013 to 2018. Alex Crombie, a former Queen's Park staffer and son of Mississauga mayor Bonnie Crombie, was seen as a potential candidate prior to Sousa's nomination.
Running for the Conservatives was Ron Chhinzer, a police officer. Michael Ras, who finished second to Spengemann in 2021, considered running for the nomination before declining.
The NDP nominated Julia Cole, who ran for the seat's provincial counterpart in the provincial election earlier in the year, while running for the Greens was Mary Kidnew, a past president of the Hillcrest Ratepayers Association.
Rhinoceros Party leader Sébastien CoRhino contested the by-election. As well, the Rhinoceros Party organized a protest against the Trudeau government's abandonment of electoral reform in 2017 by running thirty-two independent candidates, breaking their own record for most candidates nominated in a single riding in Canada, previously set in the riding of Saint Boniface—Saint Vital in the 2021 Canadian federal election.
Polling Polling FirmLast Dateof PollingLink Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others UndecidedMarginof ErrorSampleSizePolling Method Mainstreet Research PDF 38.6 35.5 6.0 4.1 1.1 1.5 13.2 ±4.3 pp 521 IVR
June 19, 2023 by-elections Winnipeg South Centre
The riding of Winnipeg South Centre was vacated on December 12, 2022, following the death of Liberal MP and former cabinet minister Jim Carr. Carr had represented the riding since 2015, when he defeated Conservative incumbent Joyce Bateman, and had been battling multiple myeloma and kidney failure since 2019. Carr also defeated Bateman in rematches in 2019 and 2021.
Running for the Liberals was Carr's son Ben Carr, an educator and former staffer to Mélanie Joly. Winnipeg city councillor Sherri Rollins briefly ran for the nomination before withdrawing and throwing her support behind Carr.
The Conservatives nominated Damir Stipanovic, an air traffic controller and member of the Royal Canadian Air Force Reserve.
Running again after previously running in 2021 were NDP candidate Julia Riddell, a clinical psychologist, and Green candidate Doug Hemmerling, a local educator.
The Longest Ballot Committee chose Winnipeg South Centre as its target for this group of byelections; the group protests the first-past-the-post election method by registering large numbers of independents in one riding in an election or group of byelections.
Oxford
The riding of Oxford was vacated on January 28, 2023, following the resignation of Conservative MP Dave MacKenzie, who had held the seat since 2004.
Arpan Khanna, the party's national outreach chair and 2019 candidate in Brampton North defeated Woodstock city-county councillor Deb Tait, MacKenzie's daughter and former ministerial staffer Rick Roth for the Conservative nomination. Gerrit Van Dorland, executive assistant to Cypress Hills—Grasslands MP Jeremy Patzer was running for the nomination until he was disqualified by the Conservatives over a dispute about whether he disclosed information to the party. In February 2023, MacKenzie accused the party of supporting Khanna, which he argues is a violation of the party nomination rules based on the Conservative's code of conduct, during the race.
Running for the Liberals is local realtor, former educator, and past Woodstock mayoral candidate David Hilderley. Citing concerns with the Conservative nomination process, previous MP Dave MacKenzie endorsed Hilderley in April 2023.
Western University professor Cody Groat defeated Matthew Chambers, the party candidate for the riding in the 2019 and 2021 elections for the NDP nomination.
Portage—Lisgar
The riding of Portage—Lisgar was vacated on February 28, 2023, following the resignation of Conservative MP Candice Bergen. Bergen, a cabinet minister in the government of Stephen Harper and the interim leader of the Conservative Party and Leader of the Opposition from February to September 2022, had held the seat since 2008.
Bergen's former campaign manager Branden Leslie defeated Rejeanne Caron, the party's 2019 candidate in Saint Boniface—Saint Vital and 2021 candidate in Elmwood—Transcona; Winkler resident Don Cruickshank, Morden-Winkler MLA and former Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba cabinet minister Cameron Friesen; and Lawrence Toet, the MP for Elmwood—Transcona from 2011 to 2015 for the Conservative nomination. Liz Reimer, a Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba staffer and former assistant to Friesen, and Josh Okello were previously running for the nomination, however after Friesen announced his campaign they withdrew their bids in order to run for the Progressive Conservative nomination in Morden-Winkler.
Maxime Bernier, who is the former MP Beauce and the current leader of the People's Party of Canada, announced on May 12, 2023, that he would run for the seat.
The Liberals announced Kerry Smith as their candidate on May 13.
Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount
The riding of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount was vacated on March 8, 2023, following the resignation of Liberal MP Marc Garneau. Garneau, previously the Minister of Transport and Minister of Foreign Affairs in the government of Justin Trudeau, had held the seat since 2008.
Running for the Liberals is Anna Gainey, former president of the party and daughter of former Montreal Canadiens General Manager Bob Gainey. Gainey won the Liberal nomination on May 15, 2023, defeating Fred Headon, vice president and general counsel of Air Canada, and 2021 La Pointe-de-l'Île candidate Jonas Fadeu.
Human rights activist and Green Party deputy leader Jonathan Pedneault was announced as the party's candidate on May 15, 2023.
July 24, 2023 by-election Calgary Heritage
The riding of Calgary Heritage was vacated on December 31, 2022, following the October 20 announcement from Conservative MP Bob Benzen that he would resign his seat by the end of the year in order to return to the private sector. Benzen had held the seat since a 2017 by-election in which he was elected to replace former Prime Minister and former Conservative leader Stephen Harper. The by-election was called for July 24, 2023, following the conclusion of the 2023 Alberta general election.
Shuvaloy Majumdar, global director for Harper's international consulting firm Harper & Associates defeated former parliamentary staffer Quinn Heffron for the Conservative nomination. Elliot Weinstein was acclaimed as the candidate for the Liberal Party.
March 4, 2024 by-election Durham
The riding of Durham, represented by former Conservative leader Erin O'Toole, was vacated on August 1, 2023, following his resignation and retirement from politics. O'Toole, who led the party from 2020 to 2022 and served as Minister of Veterans Affairs in the government of Stephen Harper, has held the seat since a 2012 by-election.
Jamil Jivani, conservative commentator and former president of the Canada Strong and Free Network, won the Conservative Party nomination, defeating Theresa Corless, a former Durham Catholic School Board chair.