Border control is generally the responsibility of specialised government organisations which oversee various aspects their jurisdiction's border control policies, including customs, immigration policy, border security, biosecurity measures. Official designations, division of responsibilities, and command structures of these organisations vary considerably and some countries split border control functions across multiple agencies.
Canada Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada: Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC; ) is the department of the Government of Canada with responsibility for matters dealing with immigration to Canada, refugees, and Canadian citizenship. IRCC's mandate emanates from the Department of Citizenship and Immigration Act. The Minister of IRCC is the key person to uphold and administer the Citizenship Act of 197 and its subsequent amendments. The minister will work closely with the Minister of Public Safety in relation to the administration of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. Canada Border Services Agency: The Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA; ) is the primary organisation tasked with maintaining Canada's border controls. The Agency was created on 12 December 2003, though its creation was formalised by the Canada Border Services Agency Act,Canada Border Services Agency Act. Laws.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved on 12 July 2013. which received Royal Assent on 3 November 2005. amalgamating Canada Customs (from the now-defunct Canada Customs and Revenue Agency) with border and enforcement personnel from the Department of the CIC and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). Canadian Air Transport Security Authority: The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority (CATSA; () is the Canadian Crown corporation responsible for security screening of people and baggage and the administration of identity cards at the 89 designated airports in Canada. CATSA is answerable to Transport Canada and reports to the Government of Canada through the Minister of Transport.
China Border control in China is the responsibility of a variety of entities in each of the country's four distinct immigration areas. In the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau, agencies tracing their lineage to British and Portuguese colonial authorities, respectively, perform border control functions based on the policies and practices in force before those territories' return to the People's Republic of China. Areas administered by the Republic of China are subject to border controls distinct from those in the People's Republic of China. People's Republic of China: : The Immigration Department () of Hong Kong is responsible for border controls of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Regions, including internal controls with the rest of China. After the People's Republic of China resumed sovereignty of the territory in July 1997, Hong Kong's immigration system remained largely unchanged from its British predecessor model. In addition, visa-free entry acceptance regulations into Hong Kong for passport holders of some 170 countries remain unchanged before and after 1997. : The Immigration Department of Macau, under the Public Security Police Force, is the government agency responsible for immigration matters, whilst the Public Security Police Force itself is responsible for enforcing immigration laws in Macau. Mainland China: Border control in Mainland China is the responsibility of National Immigration Administration (NIA; )), a unit of the Ministry of Public Security (MPS; ). Customs related border controls are largely within the purview of the General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China.
India Border control in India is performed by a variety of organisations, each focusing on a distinct section of its external borders. Border Security Force: The Border Security Force, or BSF, is the primary border defence organisation of India. It is one of the five Central Armed Police Forces of the Union of India, it was raised in the wake of the 1965 War on 1 December 1965, "for ensuring the security of the borders of India and for matters connected there with". From independence in 1947 to 1965, the protection of India's international boundaries was the responsibility of local police belonging to each border state, with little inter-state coordination. BSF was created as a Central government-controlled security force to guard all of India's borders, thus bringing greater cohesion in border security. BSF is charged with guarding India's land border during peacetime and preventing transnational crime. It is a Union Government Agency under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home Affairs. It currently stands as the world's largest border guarding force. Assam Rifles: The Assam Rifles, one of India's oldest continuously existent paramilitary units, has been responsible for physical controls on the border between India and Myanmar since 2002. The border area between India, Myanmar, and China is largely made up of minority groups, many of which are transboundary communities. Consequently, enforcing border controls is a challenge for all three countries, and porous sections of the border between India and Myanmar have historically been common since Myanmar was formerly a part of the British Indian Empire. Indo–Tibetan Border Police: The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) is charged with maintaining border controls on India's side of the extensive border between minority regions of India and China. In September 1996, the Parliament of India enacted the "Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force Act, 1992" to "provide for the constitution and regulation" of the ITBP "for ensuring the security of the borders of India and for matters connected therewith". The first head of the ITBP, designated Inspector General, was Balbir Singh, a police officer previously belonging to the Intelligence Bureau. The ITBP, which started with 4 battalions, has since restructuring in 1978, undergone expansion to a force of 56 battalions as of 2017 with a sanctioned strength of 89,432.
Indonesia The Directorate General of Immigration (Indonesian: Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi) is the primary agency tasked with border control in Indonesia.
Ireland Border control for the Republic of Ireland is managed at major ports and airports by Border Management Unit, directed by the Immigration Service Delivery office of the Department of Justice, Home Affairs and Migration. The Garda National Immigration Bureau manages VISA and residency requirements. The Revenue Commissioners control customs and excise. As the Republic maintains a common travel area with the United Kingdom, there is no formal border control on the Northern Irish border.
Iran Iranian Immigration & Passport Police: The Immigration & Passport Police Office is a subdivision of Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran with the authority to issue Iranian passports and deals with Immigrants to Iran. The agency is member of ICAO's Public Key Directory (PKD). Islamic Republic of Iran Border Guard Command: Islamic Republic of Iran Border Guard Command, commonly known as NAJA Border Guard, is a subdivision of Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran (NAJA) and Iran's sole agency that performs border guard and control in land borders, and coast guard in maritime borders. The unit was founded in 2000, and from 1991 to 2000, the unit's duties was done by of Security deputy of NAJA. Before 1991, border control was Gendarmerie's duty.
Malaysia Immigration Department of Malaysia is responsible for regulating the entry and exit of people into and out of Malaysia. The department manages and maintains the country's immigration policies, including issuing visas, permits, and passes for visitors, students, and workers. It also enforces immigration laws, including detaining and deporting illegal immigrants and those who violate the terms of their visas or passes. Royal Malaysian Customs serves as the primary border control organization in Malaysia. Its main responsibility is to enforce customs laws and regulations at ports of entry, including airports, seaports, and land borders. The department is tasked with preventing the smuggling of contraband and other illegal goods into the country while facilitating legitimate trade and travel.
Mexico In Mexico, there is 2 separated institutions responsible of regulating migration affairs, with continuous collaboration:
The Secretariat of Foreign Affairs is responsible to provide to Mexican citizens of passports and visas or permits to foireigners, when the applications are done in the exterior. The National Institute of Migration is the authority responsible of regulating the entry of people from Mexico at entry points such as airports, freeways, and nautical ports. Its also responsible to provide visas to foreigners, when the applications or permits are done in Mexican territory. Also provides follow ups to foreigners after the entry to Mexico.
Myanmar In Myanmar, border security is a complex affair and are split between multiple entities.
The Border Guard Police (BGP) handles border protection duties, primarily in western Myanmar, such as Rakhine State. It is not an independent agency and is a part of the Myanmar Police Force (MPF), itself a part of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
The Border Guard Forces (BGF) act more as light infantry forces that support Myanmar Armed Forces operations. They are mostly made up of former ethnic fighters although major administrative and command positions are held by active-duty Myanmar Armed Forces service members.
The Myanmar Coast Guard (MCG) handles maritime border protection duties and works together with the Myanmar Navy and the MPF's Maritime Police.
The Ministry of Immigration and Population is the Myanmar government ministry responsible for immigration affairs such as regulating immigration and managing the country's borders. It also issues national identity documents such as the National Registration Card (NRC) system.
North Korea Border Security Command and Coastal Security Bureau are collectively responsible for restricting unauthorised cross-border (land and sea) entries and exits, in the early 1990s the bureaux responsible for border security and coastal security were transferred from the Ministry of State Security to the Ministry of National Defence. Sometime thereafter, the Border Security Bureau was enlarged to corps level and renamed the Border Security Command. Previously headquartered in Chagang Province, the Border Security Command was relocated to Pyongyang in 2002.
Pakistan Physical controls on Pakistan's international borders are managed by dedicated paramilitary units: the Pakistan Rangers on the border with India, the Frontier Corps with Afghanistan and Iran and the Gilgit−Baltistan Scouts with China and the Pakistan-administered side of the Line of Control. The Pakistan Rangers are two paramilitary law enforcement organisations whose primary mission is border defence on the border with India as well as internal security operations, and providing assistance to the police in maintaining law and order. Rangers is an umbrella term for: the Punjab Rangers, headquartered in Lahore, responsible for guarding Punjab Province's 1,300 km long border with India; the Sindh Rangers, headquartered in Karachi, defending Sindh Province's ~912 km long border with India. The Frontier Corps are four western provincial forces, part of the Civil Armed Forces. They operate along the external borders of the western provinces of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and are the direct counterparts to the Rangers of the eastern provinces (Sindh and Punjab). The Frontier Corps comprises four separate organisations: Frontier Corps Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (North) and Frontier Corps Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (South) stationed in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province;