Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi, 1st Marquess of Marconi (25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937), was an ItalianGavin Weightman, The Industrial Revolutionaries: The Making of the Modern World 1776–1914, Grove/Atlantic, Inc. 2010. p. 357. electrical engineer, inventor, and politician known for his creation of a practical radio wave-based wireless telegraph system. This led to his being largely credited as the inventor of radioHong, p. 1 and sharing the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy."
As an entrepreneur and a businessman, Marconi founded The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company (later the Marconi Company) in the United Kingdom in 1897. In 1929, he was ennobled as a marquess () by King Victor Emmanuel III, thus becoming the 1st Marchese di Marconi. In 1931, he set up Vatican Radio for Pope Pius XI.
Early life and ancestry Family
Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi was born on 25 April 1874 at Palazzo Dall'Armi Marescalchi in Bologna, Italy, the son of Giuseppe Marconi—a landowner from Capugnano in the Bolognese Apennines, who later lived in Pontecchio—and his second wife, Annie Jameson, the granddaughter of John Jameson, the founder of Jameson Irish Whiskey. Giuseppe, who was a widower with a son, Luigi, married Annie on 16 April 1864 in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.
Alfonso, Marconi's older brother, was born the following year. Between the ages of two and six Guglielmo lived with Alfonso and their mother in Bedford, England. Having an Irish mother helped explain his many activities in Great Britain and Ireland.
On 4 May 1877, when Marconi was age 3, his father decided to obtain British citizenship; Marconi could have thus also opted for British citizenship at any time, since both his parents were British citizens.
Education Marconi did not receive any formal education during his youth. Instead, he learned chemistry, mathematics, and physics at home from a series of private tutors hired by his parents; his family hired additional tutors for him in the winter when they would leave Bologna for the warmer climate of Tuscany or Florence. An important mentor was Vincenzo Rosa, a high school physics teacher in Livorno. Rosa taught the 17-year-old Marconi the basics of physical phenomena as well as new theories on electricity.
At the age of 18, Marconi returned to Bologna and became acquainted with Augusto Righi, a physics professor at the University of Bologna, who had done research on Heinrich Hertz's work. Righi permitted Marconi to attend lectures at the university and also to use the university's laboratory and library.
Radio work
From youth, Marconi was interested in science and electricity. In the early 1890s, he began working on the idea of "wireless telegraphy" – i.e., the transmission of telegraph messages without connecting wires as used by the electric telegraph. This was not a new idea; numerous investigators and inventors had been exploring wireless telegraph technologies and even building systems using electric conduction, electromagnetic induction and optical (light) signalling for over 50 years, but none had proven technically and commercially successful. A relatively new development came from Heinrich Hertz, who, in 1888, demonstrated that one could produce and detect electromagnetic radiation, based on the work of James Clerk Maxwell. At the time, this radiation was commonly called "Hertzian waves", and is now generally referred to as radio waves.
There was a great deal of interest in radio waves in the physics community, but this interest was in the scientific phenomenon, not in its potential as a communication method. Physicists generally looked on radio waves as an invisible form of light that could only travel along a line of sight path, limiting its range to the visual horizon like existing forms of visual signalling. Hertz's death in 1894 brought published reviews of his earlier discoveries including a demonstration on the transmission and detection of radio waves by the British physicist Oliver Lodge and an article about Hertz's work by Augusto Righi. Righi's article renewed Marconi's interest in developing a wireless telegraphy system based on radio waves,Hong, p. 19 a line of inquiry that Marconi noted other inventors did not seem to be pursuing.
Developing radio telegraphy
At the age of 20, Marconi began to conduct experiments on radio waves, building much of his own equipment in the attic of Villa Griffone, the Marconi family residence in Pontecchio, now in the municipality of Sasso Marconi, Italy, with the help of his butler, Mignani. The attic laboratory was later remembered as the Stanza dei Bachi ("silkworm room"), because it occupied a former silkworm room in the villa. Marconi built on Hertz's original experiments and, at the suggestion of Righi, began using a coherer, an early detector based on the 1890 findings of French physicist Édouard Branly and used in Lodge's experiments, which changed resistance when exposed to radio waves. In the summer of 1894, he built a storm alarm made up of a battery, a coherer, and an electric bell, which went off when it picked up the radio waves generated by lightning.
Late one night, in December 1894, Marconi demonstrated a radio transmitter and receiver to his mother, a set-up that made a bell ring on the other side of the room by pushing a telegraphic button on a bench. Supported by his father, Marconi continued to read the available literature and developed ideas from physicists who were experimenting with radio waves. He developed devices, such as portable transmitters and receiver systems, that could work over increasing distances, turning what was essentially a laboratory experiment into a useful communication system.Hong, p. 22 Marconi later described his 1895 apparatus in his Nobel lecture. The system included:
A relatively simple oscillator or spark-producing radio transmitter; A wire or metal sheet capacity area suspended at a height above the ground; A coherer receiver, which was a modification of Édouard Branly's original device with refinements to increase sensitivity and reliability; A telegraph key to operate the transmitter to send short and long pulses, corresponding to the dots and dashes of Morse code; and A telegraph register activated by the coherer, which recorded the received Morse code dots and dashes onto a roll of paper tape.
In the summer of 1895, Marconi moved his experiments outdoors on his father's estate at Villa Griffone, in Pontecchio near Bologna. He tried different arrangements and shapes of antenna, but even with improvements he was able to transmit signals only up to 800 metres (0.5 mile), a distance Oliver Lodge had predicted in 1894 as the maximum transmission distance for radio waves.Hong, p. 6
Transmission breakthrough A breakthrough came in the summer of 1895, when Marconi found that a much greater range could be achieved after he raised the height of his antenna and, borrowing from a technique used in wired telegraphy, grounded his transmitter and receiver. With these improvements, the system was able to transmit over hills; in one of the outdoor trials at Villa Griffone, it reached beyond the Celestini hill, at a distance of about 2 km, using a vertical antenna connected to a buried metal plate in an antenna-earth system.Hong, pp. 20–22 The monopole antenna used a lower frequency of the waves compared to those generated by the dipole antennas used by Hertz, radiating vertically polarized radio waves which could travel longer distances. By this point, Marconi concluded that a device could become capable of spanning greater distances, with additional funding and research, and would prove valuable both commercially and militarily. Marconi's experimental apparatus proved to be the first engineering-complete, commercially successful radio transmission system.The Saturday review of politics, literature, science and art, Vol. 93. "The Inventor of Wireless Telegraphy: A Reply. To the Editor of the Saturday Review" Guglielmo Marconi and "Wireless Telegraphy: A Rejoinder. To the Editor of the Saturday Review," Silvanus P. Thompson.
Marconi applied to the Italian Ministry of Post and Telegraphs, then under the direction of Maggiorino Ferraris, explaining his wireless telegraph machine and asking for funding, but never received a response. An apocryphal tale claims that the minister, incorrectly named first as Emilio Sineo and later as Pietro Lacava, wrote "to the Longara" on the document, referring to the insane asylum on Via della Lungara in Rome, but the letter was never found.Solari, Luigi (February 1948) "Guglielmo Marconi e la Marina Militare Italiana", Rivista Marittima
In 1896, Marconi spoke with his family friend Carlo Gardini, Honorary Consul at the United States Consulate in Bologna, about leaving Italy to go to Great Britain. Gardini wrote a letter of introduction to the Ambassador of Italy in London, Annibale Ferrero, explaining who Marconi was and describing his discoveries. In his response, Ambassador Ferrero advised them not to reveal Marconi's results until after a patent was obtained. He also encouraged Marconi to come to Britain, where he believed it would be easier to find the necessary funds to turn his experiments into practical use. Finding little interest or appreciation for his work in Italy, Marconi travelled to London in early 1896 at the age of 21, accompanied by his mother, to seek support for his work. He spoke fluent English in addition to Italian. Marconi arrived at Dover, where a Customs officer opened his case and found various apparatuses. The officer contacted the Admiralty in London, and, amid concerns in the United Kingdom about Italian anarchists and suspicion that Marconi might be importing a bomb, his equipment was destroyed.
While in the United Kingdom, Marconi gained the interest and support of William Preece, the Chief Electrical Engineer of the General Post Office (GPO). Marconi applied for a patent on 2 June 1896. British Patent number 12039, titled "Improvements in Transmitting Electrical impulses and Signals, and in Apparatus therefor", became the first patent for a communication system based on radio waves.
Demonstrations and achievements
Marconi gave a series of demonstrations in Britain in 1896 and 1897, including in London, on Salisbury Plain, and across the Bristol Channel. By March 1897, he had transmitted Morse code signals over a distance of about across Salisbury Plain. On 13 May 1897, Marconi sent the first wireless communication over open sea: a message was transmitted over the Bristol Channel from Flat Holm Island to Lavernock Point near Cardiff, a distance of . The message read "Are you ready".BBC Wales, The transmitting equipment was almost immediately relocated to Brean Down Fort on the Somerset coast, stretching the range to .
Impressed by these and other demonstrations, Preece introduced Marconi's ongoing work to the general public at two important London lectures: "Telegraphy without Wires", at the Toynbee Hall on 11 December 1896; and "Signalling through Space without Wires", given to the Royal Institution on 4 June 1897.