The Christian Democratic Party (, abbreviated PDC) is a Salvadoran political party. From 2011 to 2012, the party was renamed to Party of Hope (, abbreviated PES) before reverting to the Christian Democratic Party. The PDC has been led by Reinaldo Carballo since 2023.
The PDC was founded in November 1960 in opposition of the Salvadoran military government, but in 1961, some members of the PDC left the party to form the National Conciliation Party (PCN) which would become the military's ruling party. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the PDC participated in various presidential and legislative elections which were marked by electoral fraud in the PCN's favor. In January 1980, following a coup d'état the year prior which overthrew the PCN's government, the PDC became involved in the ruling Revolutionary Government Junta. In December 1980, José Napoleón Duarte, a founding member of the PDC and former 1972 presidential candidate, was appointed as the president of the JRG. After leaving office in 1982, Duarte was elected president in 1984. The PDC failed to win the presidency in the succeeding 1989 presidential election, and as of , Duarte remains the only president of El Salvador to have been a member of the PDC while in office.
Christian democracy has been the PDC's principle ideology since its establishment, but before and during the Salvadoran Civil War, the Salvadoran political right alleged that the party had communist sympathies. The party has been placed on the center to center-left of the political spectrum. The party's primary color is green and its logo is an ichthys.
History
Military dictatorship
On 26 October 1960, the Armed Forces of El Salvador overthrew President Lieutenant Colonel José María Lemus and established the Junta of Government. The junta initiated reforms to allow opposition political parties to form, and as such, the Christian Democratic Party was formed on 25 November 1960 by middle and upper-class activists. The Junta of Government was overthrown on 25 January 1961 by the Civic-Military Directory. Although the directory affirmed its anti-communist position, it promised to hold elections.
The PDC held its first convention in May 1961, where it elected José Napoleón Duarte as its first leader. Duarte promoted reform and opposed working with the military government. Prior to Duarte's election, the Civic-Military Directory had approached the party to join the government in an effort to bring the directory political legitimacy, and some members showed interest in joining the government. After Duarte's election, the PDC members who wished the join the government left the party and formed the National Conciliation Party (PCN). The PCN succeeded the Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (PRUD) Salvadoran military's ruling party. In the 1961 legislative election, as the party of the military, the PCN won all 54 seats in the Legislative Assembly while the PDC was left outside of the legislature.
A new constitution was ratified in 1962, and it allowed for "contesting political parties" to exist. During the 1962 presidential election, the PCN ran unopposed and Lieutenant Colonel Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo was elected as president of El Salvador. During the 1960s, the PDC established the Christian Federation of Salvadoran Peasants (FCCS). Many members of the FCCS would later go on to become members of the Farabundo Martí Popular Liberation Forces (FLP) during the 1970s. During the 1964 legislative election, the PDC won 14 of the legislature's 52 seats and 37 of the country's 262 municipalities. That same election, Duarte was elected as mayor of San Salvador, the country's capital city. Duarte won re-election during the 1966 election, while the PDC itself won 15 seats in the legislature.
The PDC nominated as its presidential candidate during the 1967 presidential election. Rodríguez Portillo opposed the PCN's Colonel Fidel Sánchez Hernández, who won the election with percent 54.37 of the vote. In the 1968 election, Duarte again won re-election and the PDC won 19 seats in the Legislative Assembly. The PDC supported the Salvadoran government during the 1969 Football War against Honduras. During the 1970 legislative election, the PDC lost three seats in the Legislative Assembly and lost 70 municipalities. The PDC, along with other opposition parties alleged that the PCN committed fraud.
In the 1972 election, the PDC joined the National Revolutionary Movement (MNR) and the Nationalist Democratic Union (UDN) to oppose the PCN in the 1972 presidential election. The three parties formed the National Opposition Union (UNO) and selected the PDC's Duarte as its presidential candidate and the MNR's Guillermo Ungo as its vice presidential candidate; the PCN presented Colonel Arturo Armando Molina as its presidential candidate. Prior to the election, the PDC's leaders accused the government of using the National Guard to harass, kidnap, and assault party activists. Additionally, the Central Electoral Council (CEC) canceled the campaigns of the PDC's legislative candidates in the departments of La Unión, San Miguel, San Salvador, San Vicente, Sonsonate, Usulután. On 20 February 1972, UNO claimed that Duarte had won the election with 327,000 votes to Molina's 318,000 votes; however, the government ordered a recount, in which the government determined that Molina had won by 10,000 votes. As a result, the Legislative Assembly voted to determine the election's winner, and as the legislature was controlled by the PCN, Molina was declared the winner. Duarte and Ungo appealed the election result to the CEC, but the appeal was denied. On 25 March 1972, some military officers led by Colonel Benjamín Mejía attempted a coup d'état against the PCN government with the intention of installing Duarte as president. Although the coup leaders captured the Presidential Palace and Sánchez Hernández, the coup eventually failed.
Following the failed coup, Duarte sought refuge in the Venezuelan embassy in San Salvador, but he was captured, beaten, and interrogated by the Salvadoran government. He was then deported to Guatemala where he then moved to exile in Venezuela. He returned to El Salvador to campaign for UNO ahead of the 1974 legislative election, however, UNO lost the election as a result of widespread fraud. UNO, including the PDC, boycotted the 1976 legislative election. For the 1977 presidential election, UNO did not select Duarte to be its presidential candidate as it believed the political situation was "too volatile", and instead, it selected retired Colonel Ernesto Claramount to be its candidate. As a result of widespread fraud, the PCN's candidate, General Carlos Humberto Romero, won the presidency. Claramount led a protest, consisting of thousands of people at the Liberty Plaza in San Salvador, against the election results, but government forces attacked the crowd, killing around 50 people. Claramount responded to the event by stating "This is not the end. It is only the beginning". Like in 1976, UNO and the PDC boycotted the 1978 legislative election.
Salvadoran Civil War
On 15 October 1979, some military officers overthrew Romero and the PCN government, establishing the Revolutionary Government Junta (JRG) consisting of both military officers and civilians. In January 1980, two members of the PDC, Héctor Dada Hirezi and José Antonio Morales Ehrlich, became members of the JRG. The military supported the involvement of the PDC in government as the military believed that the PDC would be able to assure government stability, bring political legitimacy to the JRG, and convince the United States to continue sending El Salvador military aid. On 3 March 1980, Dada Hirezi resigned from the JRG after Mario Zamora, the attorney general and a member of the PDC, was assassinated by members of a far-right death squad; Dada Hirezi was replaced by Duarte. Prior to his assassination on 24 March 1980 by a far-right death squad, Óscar Romero, the archbishop of San Salvador, called for the PDC to withdraw its involvement from the JRG due to the government's attacks against Salvadorans and clergy of the Catholic Church. On 13 December 1980, Duarte became the president of the JRG. In January 1981, during a rebel offensive of the Salvadoran Civil War, the left-wing Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) stated that it would assassinate Duarte.
In the 1982 legislative election, the PDC emerged as the largest party, winning 24 of the legislature's 60 seats, but it was excluded from the ruling government coalition led by the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA), a far-right political party founded by Major Roberto D'Aubuisson (who was also elected as the president of the Legislative Assembly). D'Aubuisson was considered to be the most likely candidate to be elected by the Legislative Assembly to serve as president of El Salvador, but due to lobbying from the American and Salvadoran High Commands against D'Aubuisson due to his connection to far-right death squads, the Legislative Assembly ultimately voted to elect Álvaro Magaña of Democratic Action as the country's president. Magaña appointed ARENA, PDC, and PCN members to his cabinet. Between 1979 and early-1984, a total of 37 PDC mayors and other party members were assassinated by both far-right and far-left groups, although, Duarte himself claimed that "several hundred" had been assassinated.
During the 1984 presidential election, the PDC nominated Duarte as its presidential candidate. Including Duarte, eight candidates contested the election. In the first round on 25 March 1984, Duarte won 43.41 percent of the vote, the most of any candidate but not enough to negate a second round. In the second round, Duarte faced D'Aubuisson, as he came in second place with 29.77 percent of the vote. On 6 May 1984, Duarte won 53.59 percent of the vote, defeating D'Aubuisson by over 100,000 votes, and was elected president. Hugo Barrera, D'Aubuisson's running mate, stated that ARENA would not accept the results, claiming that the election "did not have any credibility" (""), that the results were a "farse" (""), and alleged that the United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had rigged the election. Reportedly, the CIA covertly sent US$ million to support Duarte's campaign.
During Duarte's presidency, the Salvadoran government sought to negotiate a peace treaty with the FMLN to end the civil war. Negotiations were held in La Palma in October 1984, Ayagualo in November 1984, and San Salvador in October 1987. The government also met with the FMLN in Mexico City in August 1986, Panama City in January 1987, and Guatemala City and Caracas in October 1987. Despite the attempted peace negotiations, all of Duarte's government's efforts failed, and the civil war would not end until the signing of the Chapultepec Peace Accords in January 1992.
In the 1985 legislative election, the PDC won 33 of the Legislative Assembly's 60 seats, an outright majority. Additionally, the PDC won over 200 of the country's 262 municipalities. The PCN supported the PDC's legislative majority. By 1988, the PDC was one of El Salvador's three largest political parties, along with ARENA and the PCN. Although the PDC was at the peak of its power during the 1980s, Duarte's failure to bring an end to the civil war and PDC corruption scandals hurt the party's overall popularity. According to an opinion poll conducted by the Central American University in 1987, only 6 percent of voters identified with the PDC.