The chronology of the Crusades after 1400 provides a detailed timeline of the Crusades and considers the Crusades of the 15th century. This continues the chronology of the later Crusades through 1400. In the Middle East, the threats to the Christian West were from the Mamluks, the Timurids and the Ottomans. The latter would also threaten Eastern Europe and would emerge as the primary Islamic dynasty opposing the West. The Byzantine Empire would no longer exist, but the Reconquista was working well and would be resolved by the end of the 15th century. The works of Norman Housley, in particular, describe the Crusading movement in this timeframe, the impact of the fall of Constantinople in 1453, and the manifestation of Crusading propaganda.
Chronologies of the Crusades in print Numerous chronologies of the Crusades have been published and include the following. A Chronology of the Crusades, covering the crusades from 1055–1456, by Timothy Venning. Chronology and Maps, covering 1095–1789, in The Oxford History of the Crusades, edited by Jonathan Riley-Smith. A Chronological Outline of the Crusades: Background, Military Expeditions, and Crusader States, covering 160–1798, in The Routledge Companion to the Crusades, by Peter Lock. A Narrative Outline of the Crusades, covering 1096-1488, ibid. The Crusades: A Chronology, covering 1096–1444, in The Crusades—An Encyclopedia, edited by Alan V. Murray.Jonathan Phillips (2006). "The Crusades: Names and Numbers. Chronology". In: The Crusades - An Encyclopedia, Alan V. Murray, editor. Important Dates and Events, 1049–1571, in History of the Crusades, Volume III, edited by Kenneth M. Setton.Hazard, H. W. (1975). A History of the Crusades, Volume III. "The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries". Important Dates and Events. Oxford Reference Timelines: Byzantine Empire, 330 – c. 1480;Timeline: Byzantine Empire, 330 – c. 1480. Oxford Reference (2012). Ottoman Empire, c. 1295 – 1923.Timeline: Ottoman Empire, c. 1285 – 1923. Oxford Reference (2012).
Incumbent rulers in 1400 At the start of the 15th century, the rulers of the relevant countries, orders and dynasties were as follows.
Western Europe and Byzantium
19 September 1380. Charles VI (the Beloved) becomes king of France.Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Charles VI (King of France). Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 919–920. 6 April 1385. John of Aviz (John I) becomes king of Portugal.Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). John I of Portugal. Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 443–444. 31 March 1387. Sigismund of Luxembourg is crowned king of Hungary. He will later become Holy Roman Emperor in 1433, filling the position vacant since 1378.Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Sigismund. Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 66–67. 2 November 1389. Boniface IX is elected pope.Thomas Oestreich (1907). "Pope Boniface IX". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 9 October 1390. Henry the Suffering (Henry III) becomes king of Castile and León.Henry III, King of Castile. Britannica (2023) 16 February 1391. Manuel II Palaiologos begins his reign as Byzantine emperor. 30 November 1393. Conrad of Jungingen is elected Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.Ernest Barker (1911). "Teutonic Order". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 676–679. 19 May 1396. Martin the Humane (Martin of Aragon) becomes king of Aragon.Martin, king of Aragon and Sicily. Britannica (2023). (Date unknown) 1396. Philibert de Naillac is elected Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller. 30 September 1399. Henry IV of England, son of John of Gaunt, becomes king after the deposition of Richard II of England.Charles Lethbridge Kingsford (1911). "Henry IV of England". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 293–284.Thomas Frederick Tout. Henry IV. In: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 26, pgs. 31–43.
Muslim World
9 April 1370. Timur becomes emir of the Timurid Empire.Frederic John Goldsmid (1911). "Timūr". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 994–995. 16 June 1389. Bayezid I becomes Ottoman sultan after the death of Murad I at the Battle of Kosovo.Halil İnalcık (2012). “Bāyazīd”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al. 3 October 1392. Muhammad VII of Granada becomes sultan of the Emirate of Granada. 19 March 1398. Abu Sa'id Uthman III becomes Marinid sultan of MoroccoM. Shatzmiller (2012). “Marīnids”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al. June 1399. An-Nasir Faraj becomes Mamluk sultan after the death of his father Barquq.J. Wansbrough (2012). “Farad̲j̲”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
Events from the late 14th century A number of events from the late 14th century are key to the later timelines, including the following. 15 June 1389. At the Battle of Kosovo, armies under Lazar of Serbia and Murad I meet. Both armies are destroyed and their commanders killed.Thomas Emmert (1991). "The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat". University of Minnesota Press July 1391. Ottoman invasion of Anatolia stopped at the Battle of Kırkdilim.Elizabeth A. Zachariadou (1980) “Manuel II Palaeologos on the Strife between Bāyezīd I and Ḳāḍī Burhān Al-Dīn Aḥmad.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 43(3), pgs. 471–481. 26 April 1394. The military Order of AlcántaraCharles Moeller (1907). "Military Order of Alcántara". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, pgs. 271–272. organizes the failed Crusade of 1394 against Granada. 17 May 1395. Bayezid's invasion of Wallachia is stopped at the Battle of Rovine. Spring/Summer 1396. Hungary organizes the Crusade of Nicopolis to relieve the pressure on Constantinople. 25 September 1396. Ottomans defeat the allied Western forces at the Battle of Nicopolis.R. Rosetti (1937). Notes on the Battle of Nicopolis (1396). The Slavonic and East European Review, 15(45), 629–638.
15th century 1400
October–November. Timurids defeat the Mamluks at the Sack of Aleppo.Adam Knobler (1995). The Rise of Tīmūr and Western Diplomatic Response, 1390–1405. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 5(3), pgs. 341–349. (Date unknown). Siege of Damascus results in a Timurid victory over the Mamluks.Bertold Spuler (2000). “Central Asia in the Mongol and Timurid Periods,” Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. V, Fasc. 2, pgs. 172–176.
1402
20 July. Timurids defeat the Mamluks at the Battle of Ankara.Craig Simon (2002). Battle of Ankara: Collision of empires. Military History Vol.19 (3), pg. 58 20 July. Bayezid I and Olivera Despina captured at Ankara, beginning Ottoman Interregnum. (Date unknown). Siege of Constantinople ends with the Byzantines remaining in control of the city.Dionysios Bernincolas-Hatzopoulos (1983). "The First Siege of Constantinople by the Ottomans (1394-1402)." Études Byzantines. 10(1): 39–51. December. Timurids take the city from the Hospitallers at the Siege of Smyrna. 1404
17 October. Innocent VII elected pope.Michael Ott (1910). "Pope Innocent VII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1405
14 February. Timur dies, Shah Rukh becomes ruler of Timurid Empire.Beatrice F. Manz, et al. (2012). “Tīmūrids”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al. 24 June. Innocent VII directs action against the heretical teachings of the Hussites.Joseph Wilhelm (1910). "Hussites". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1406
30 November. Gregory XII elected pope.Michael Ott (1910). "Pope Gregory XII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company. (Date unknown). Forces commanded by Henry III of Castile defeat Muhammad VII of Granada at the Battle of Collejares. 25 December. John II of Castile becomes king after the death of his father Henry III.Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). John II of Castile. Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 441. 1408
12 December. Sigismund of Luxembourg and his wife Barbara von Cilli found the Order of the Dragon to fight the Turks.
1409
30 June. Martin I of Sicily defeats forces of Arborea at the Battle of Sanluri.Ester Marti (2015). The Battle of Sanluri in the process of recreating Sardinian identity. In: Identities in Conflict. Flocel Sabaté, editor. 6 August. Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War begins. (Date unknown). John I of Portugal plans the invasion of Ceuta, supported by Edward the Eloquent and Henry the Navigator.Bernard Miall (1936). The Capture of Ceuta by the Portuguese (1415). In Conquests and Discoveries of Henry the Navigator.
1410
15 June. Ottoman prince and claimant to the throne Süleyman Çelebi defeats his brother Musa Çelebi at the Battle of Kosmidion. 15 July. At the Battle of Grunwald, allies Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas defeat the Teutonic Knights under Ulrich von Jungingen, with most of their leadership killed or taken prisoner.Paul W. Knoll (1983). In Search of the Battle of Grunwald. The Polish Review, Vol. 28, No. 3, pgs. 67–76. 26 July. After Grunwald, the Poles and Lithuanians unsuccessfully attempt to take the Teuton's capital in the Siege of Marienburg. 16 September. Ferdinand I of Aragon takes the city in the Battle of Antequera, the first such victory against the Muslims in 50 years.Manuel García Fernández (2011). "La toma de Antequera y el infante don Fernando". Andalucía en la Historia. 33: 40–41 (Date unknown). Álvaro de Luna becomes key advisor to John II of Castile.Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Álvaro de Luna. Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 123.
1411
1 February. Peace of Thorn is signed ending the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. 3 September. Treaty of Selymbria is concluded between Musa Çelebi and Venice. (Date unknown). Sixth Siege of Gibraltar left the territory under Granadan control. 1412
Early. Mehmed Çelebi defeated by Musa Çelebi at the Battle of İnceğiz. 23 May. Death of an-Nasir Faraj leads to a series of ineffectual Mamluk sultans through 1422.
1413
20 March. Henry V of England becomes king after the death of his father Henry IV.Charles Lethbridge Kingsford (1911). "Henry V of England". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 284–285.Charles Lethbridge Kingsford. Henry V. In: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 26, pgs. 43–56. 5 July. Mehmed Çelebi defeats Musa Çelebi at the Battle of Çamurlu. 5 July. Mehmed I becomes Ottoman sultan, ending the Interregnum.Halil İnalcık (2012). “Meḥemmed I”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
1414
Summer. Hunger War conducted between Poland and Lithuania against the Teutonic Knights. 16 November. Council of Constance begun, to last until 1418.Thomas Joseph Shahan (1908). "Council of Constance". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1415
5 June. The Council of Constance condemns the writings of John Wycliffe and Jan Hus.Francis Fortescue Urquhart (1912). "John Wyclif". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4 July. Gregory XII abdicates.Carlton Huntley Hayes (1911). "Gregory XII". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 574–575. 6 July. Jan Hus is burned at the stake in Konstanz.Joseph Wilhelm (1910). "Jan Hus". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.