Chronology of the later Crusades through 1400

The chronology of the later Crusades through 1400 provides a detailed timeline of the Crusades from after the Eighth Crusade, the last of the major expeditions to the Holy Land through the end of the 14th century. This includes the events from 1270 on that led to the Fall of Outremer in 1291 and the Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399.

Chronologies of the Crusades in print Numerous chronologies of the Crusades have been published and include the following. A Chronology of the Crusades, covering the crusades from 1055 to 1456, by Timothy Venning. Chronology and Maps, covering 1095–1789, in The Oxford History of the Crusades, edited by Jonathan Riley-Smith. A Chronological Outline of the Crusades: Background, Military Expeditions, and Crusader States, covering 160–1798, in The Routledge Companion to the Crusades, by Peter Lock. A Narrative Outline of the Crusades, covering 1096–1488, ibid. The Crusades: A Chronology, covering 1096–1444, in The Crusades—An Encyclopedia, edited by Alan V. Murray.Phillips, Jonathan. "The Crusades: Names and Numbers. Chronology". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. Important Dates and Events, 1049–1571, in History of the Crusades, Volume III, edited by Kenneth M. Setton (1975).Hazard, H. W. (1975). A History of the Crusades, Volume III. "The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries". Important Dates and Events. Historical Dictionary of the Crusades, by Corliss K. Slack. Chronology from 1009 to 1330. Oxford Reference Timelines: Crusades, 1095–1303;Timeline: Crusades, 1095–1303. Oxford Reference (2012). Byzantine Empire, 330 – c. 1480;Timeline: Byzantine Empire, 330 – c. 1480. Oxford Reference (2012). Ottoman Empire, c. 1295 – 1923.Timeline: Ottoman Empire, c. 1285 – 1923. Oxford Reference (2012).

13th century Prior events

24 October 1260. Baibars becomes Mamluk sultan. 15 August 1261. Michael VIII Palaiologos begins the Palaiologan dynasty, to rule the Byzantine Empire until 1453. 8 February 1265. Abaqa becomes second to rule the Mongol Ilkhanate after the death of his father Hulagu Khan.Peter Jackson (2011) "Abaqa," Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 1, pgs. 61-63. 5 January 1266. Charles I of Anjou and Beatrice of Provence are crowned king and queen of Sicily. 24 September 1269. Hugh III of Cyprus is elected and crowned king of Jerusalem. The claim of Maria of Antioch to the throne is rejected.

1270 17 August. Philip of Montfort is killed by Assassins on the orders of Baibars. 25 August. Louis IX of France dies while on the Eighth Crusade and succeeded by his son Philip III of France.Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Philip III, king of France. Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 381. 21 October. Hethum I of Armenia abdicates and is succeeded by his son Leo II.Charles Raymond Beazley (1911). "Hayton". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 114–115. 1271 Spring. Baibars besieges Safita in February, then takes Krak des Chevaliers, Gibelacar and Tripoli. Late May. Baibars offers Bohemond VI of Antioch a ten-year truce after the Siege of Tripoli. 1 September. Gregory X is elected pope, and preaches new crusade in coordination with the Mongols.Johann Peter Kirsch (1909). "Pope Gregory X". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1272 21 February. Charles I of Anjou is proclaimed king of Albania. 12 May. Lord Edward's Crusade, the last major crusade to the Holy Land, ends inconclusively with a ten-year truce with Baibars. Edward attacked by an Assassin the next month. 20 November. Edward I of England becomes king after the death of his father Henry III three days earlier.William Hunt. Edward I. In: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 17, pgs. 14–38. 1273 22 January. Muhammad II of Granada becomes the Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada.Latham, J.D. and Fernández-Puertas, A., "Naṣrids", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al. 11 March. Gregory X issues papal bull Dudum super generalis asking for information on Islamic threats to Christendom. Early. Haymo Létrange puts Beirut and their ruler Isabella of Beirut under the protection of Baibars.J. F. A. Mason (2005). Lestrange [Le Strange], John (c. 1194–1269). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. July. Al-Kahf, the last Assassin stronghold in Syria, falls to Mamluks.Griffithes Wheeler Thatcher (1911). "Assassins". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 774–775. 1 October. Rudolf I of Germany elected king, ending the Great Interregnum.Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Rudolph I. Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 816. October. Philip of Courtenay becomes Latin Emperor upon the death of Baldwin II.Wolff, Robert Lee. "Mortgage and Redemption of an Emperor's Son: Castile and the Latin Empire of Constantinople." Speculum, vol. 29, no. 1, 1954, pgs. 45–84. (Date unknown). William of Tripoli publishes De statu Saracenorum in response to the papal bull serving as a handbook for the Christian missionary on the history, law and beliefs of Islam.Burman, Thomas E. (2023). "William of Tripoli", in: Christian-Muslim Relations 600 - 1500, David Thomas, Ed.

1274

Early. Gregory X receives reports on the failure of the crusades including Gilbert of Tournai's Collectio de scandalis ecclesiae, Bruno of Olomouc's Relatio de statu ecclesiae in regno alemaniae, and the Opus tripartitum of Humbert of Romans. 7 May – 17 July. Second Council of Lyon discusses reconquest of the Holy Land.Pierre-Louis-Théophile-Georges Goyau (1910). "Second Council of Lyons (1274)". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York. Representatives of the Ilkhanate attend and Union of churches approved. (Date unknown). Geoffrey of Beaulieu writes his biography of Louis IX of France, The Life of Saint Louis, as directed by the pope.Anja Rathmann-Lutz (2016). The Sanctity of Louis IX. Early Lives of Saint Louis by Geoffrey of Beaulieu and William of Chartres, French History, Volume 30, Issue 1, March, pgs. 139–140 1275

March. Baibars continues his campaign against Armenia and demands the return of the Christian half of Latakia. 13 May. Marinid forces led by Abu Yusuf Yaqub begin their first Invasion of Spain. 4 June. Hugh III negotiates a truce with Baibars that protects Latakia in exchange for an annual tribute. Spring. Marco Polo arrives at the court of Kublai Khan.Henry Yule and Charles Raymond Beazley (1911). "Polo, Marco". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 7–11. (Date unknown). Philip III of France and Rudolf I of Germany take the cross without corresponding action.

1276

10 January. Gregory X dies. Innocent V elected pope on 21 January, dies on 22 June.Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1910). "Pope Bl. Innocent V". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8.New York: Robert Appleton Company. 19 January. Abu Yusuf Yaqub ends his invasion of Spain, and, with Muhammad II of Granada, agrees to a truce with Alfonso X of Castile for two years. 11 July. Adrian V elected pope under the influence of Charles I of Anjou, dies five weeks later.James Francis Loughlin (1907). "Pope Adrian V". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company. pg. 159. 27 August. James I of Aragon dies,Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). James I of Aragon. Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 141–142. and is succeeded by his son Peter III of Aragon.David McDowall Hannay (1911). "Peter III of Aragon". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 292. 8 September. John XXI elected pope, dies after just eight months.Johann Peter Kirsch (1910). "Pope John XXI". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company. October. Templars purchase La Fauconnerie (La Féve), omitting to secure Hugh's consent.Maranzani, Barbara (2019). "Knights Templar Hot Spots in the Holy Land". History. October. Hugh III relocates from Acre to Cyprus. 1277

January/March. Philip of Sicily dies and title to Principality of Achaea reverts to his father Charles I of Anjou. 18 March. Charles I of Anjou secures the disputed title of king by purchasing Maria of Antioch's claim to the throne of Jerusalem. 15 April. Mamluk force defeats Mongol occupying force at the Battle of Elbistan. 1 July. Baibars dies, succeeded by sons Barakah and then Solamish.Wiet, G., "Baybars I", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al. August. Abu Yusuf Yaqub begins his second Invasion of Spain, ravaging the districts of Jerez de la Frontera, Seville and Córdoba. 25 November. Nicholas III elected pope after the death of John XXI on 20 May 1277.Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1911). "Pope Nicholas III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1278

January. Charles I of Anjou crowned king of Jerusalem at Acre and is recognized by the kingdom's barons. He appoints Roger of San Severino as his representative. 1 May. William of Villehardouin dies and his lands in Achaea revert to Charles I of Anjou. 24 May. Charles I of Anjou swears fealty to Nicholas III and promises not to invade the Byzantine Empire. 25 July. Castile defeated by the Marinids at the naval Battle off Algeciras. 5 August. Alfonso X of Castile launches the unsuccessful first Siege of Algeciras.

1279 16 February. Alfonso III of Portugal dies and is succeeded by his son Denis of Portugal.Kingsley Garland Jayne and Edgar Prestage (1911). "Portugal. Diniz, 1279–1325". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 141. 5 March. Teutonic Knights defeated by Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the Battle of Aizkraukle. November. Qalawun becomes Mamluk sultan after deposing Solamish.

1280

April–June. Sunqur al-Ashqar, Mamluk governor of Damascus, revolts against Cairo. He flees after Qalawun invades the city. 23 June. Granada defeats Castile and León at the Battle of Moclín. 22 August. Nicholas III dies suddenly, and the 1280–1281 papal election begins on 22 September.Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes (1911). "Pope Nicholas III". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 650. 29 October. Mongols sack Aleppo. 1281

22 February. Martin IV elected pope.Michael Ott (1909). "Pope Martin IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 10 April. Michael VIII PalaiologosChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Michael VIII Palaiologos. Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 359–360. excommunicated by Martin IV who renounces union of churches approved at Lyon in 1274. 3 May. Qalawun renews truce with the Kingdom of Jerusalem for another ten years. 16 July. Bohemond VII of Tripoli agrees to Qalawun's truce for the County of Tripoli. 29 October. Mamluks defeat a coalition of Mongols, Armenians and Hospitallers at the second Battle of Homs. 1282 January. Bohemond VII kills Guy II Embriaco, alienating the Genoese. 30 March. The War of the Sicilian Vespers begins with European powers and the papacy vying for control of Sicily.Amari, M., Ellesmere, F. Egerton. (1850). History of the War of the Sicilian Vespers. London: R. Bentley. 28 April. Charles I of Anjou's fleet at Messina sunk, Mategriffon castle forced to surrender. 1 May. Guelphs and Ghibellines fight at the Battle of Forti, with the Guelph army defeated. 6 May. Tekuder becomes ruler of the Ilkhanate after the death of his brother Abaqa on 1 April, and soon converts to Islam taking the name Ahmad.Peter Jackson (2011) "Ahmad Takūdār." Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 6, pp. 661-662.