The Kunstmuseen Krefeld (Krefeld Art Museums) is collection of three art museums in Krefeld, Germany. and particularly dedicated to modern and contemporary art. Comprising the Kaiser Wilhelm Museum, the Haus Lange and Haus Esters, the museums since the late 1950s have risen to international prominence. Katia Baudin, former deputy director of the Museum Ludwig in Cologne, has headed the institution since September 2016.WDR Kulturnachrichten vom 17. August 2016: Stellvertretende Direktorin am Museum Ludwig Köln ernannt
History
Beginning In January 1882, the Craftsmen's and Education Association stated in a citizens' meeting: "It is desirable that a museum be established in Crefeld that represents the interests of the arts and crafts in particular". A museum commission was then founded, and in the following year, a museum association. It had 32 members, including the mayor, the district administrator, the school board and several silk manufacturers. In the same year, the first exhibition Kunstwerke aus Krefelder Privatbesitz was held in the Stadthalle. In the 1880s, the museum association primarily sought donations, objects and paintings as the basis for a museum building. In 1884, the city of Krefeld made the former school at Westwall 60 available free of charge. As early as 1897, the monetary value of the collection was estimated at 112,000 Reichsmark. This included a Roman department, ironware from the 15th to the 18th century, Italian metalwork, furniture from the Lower Rhine, Rhenish stoneware, pottery, German and Dutch faiences, South German and French furniture of the Rococo and the Empire, Italian furniture of the Renaissance, and a painting gallery.
The museum at Karlsplatz
After the death of Kaiser William I in 1888, a museum was proposed to be erected as a memorial to him instead of a monument. Eventually, the Kaiser Wilhelm Museum commenced construction in 1894 and opened in 1897. Its north and south wings were extended as early as 1910–1912. The museum started with a collection from Konrad Kramer, who in the Lower Rhine region had, since 1850, been collecting furniture, sculptures, stained glass, stoneware, paintings and weapons. The Krefeld city councillor Albert Oetker bought the Kramer collection and donated it in time for the opening of the museum.
The first director of the museum was Friedrich Deneken, beginning in 1897. During his 25-year tenure, the collection grew under his leadership. In an appeal, he wrote: "The Kaiser Wilhelm Museum must preferably be directed towards the acquisition of newer art products". As early as 1900, 26 purchases laid the foundation for today's poster collection. The Italian Renaissance collection was acquired by in the same period.
In 1922, Max Creutz succeeded Deneken as museum director. While Deneken's focus had been on modern decorative arts and small-scale art, Creutz shifted it to contemporary fine arts. In the first year of his tenure, he acquired a collection from with works by Peter Behrens and Henry van de Velde. He also purchased paintings by Campendonk, Liebermann and Kirchner. In 1923, Creutz arranged for the creation of four large murals named Lebensalter by Johan Thorn Prikker on the upper floor.Max Creutz: Die neuen Monumentalbilder Thorn-Prikkers im Krefelder Kaiser-Wilhelm-Museum. , Die Kunst für alle: Malerei, Plastik, Graphik, Architektur, März 1924,
Creutz's death in 1932 marked the beginning of a period of stagnation at the museum. Burghardt Freiherr von Lepel took over as director in 1933, but left again in 1936. Fritz Muthmann's term of office from 1937 to 1943 saw the crackdown on so-called degenerate art under the Nazi regime, and thus almost all of Creutz's collection of modern works were confiscated. Muthmann had the Prikker murals bricked up and thus saved them from destruction. The many purchases made during his tenure were reversed after the war by the victorious powers.
The museum, which was closed in 1942, survived the war unscathed and was initially shared by municipal offices and institutions.
Post-war years In 1947, Paul Wember was appointed museum director. With the limited funds at his disposal, Wember attempted to purchase works of art from the 1930s after the currency reform in 1948 to expand and round off existing focal points of the collection. Romantic drawings and Impressionist paintings were also purchased to complete the collection. In 1953 and 1954, sheets by Max Ernst, Yves Tanguy, Joan Miró, Matisse and Picasso, among others, could be acquired at favourable prices, and thus the importance of contemporary graphic art increased within the collections. In 1955, Ulrich Lange made his childhood home, built between 1928 and 1930 by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, available to the city of Krefeld for ten years as an exhibition venue for contemporary art. Under Wember's management, Haus Lange became one of the leading exhibition venues for avant-garde art, and it was here that Yves Klein held his first and last museum retrospective during his lifetime.
With a minimal acquisition budget, the Kunstmuseen Krefeld was not in a position to invest in classical modernism like bigger museums. Wember therefore bought unknown contemporary art, including works by Yves Klein, Tàpies and Beuys, for example a first painting by Yves Klein in 1959 for DM 500Gisela Fiedler-Bender: Paul Wember zum 100. Geburtstag. In Art and Krefeld (ed.): Paul Wember. Memories on the occasion of his 100th birthday. Krefeld 2013, . or two paintings by Piero Manzoni for 200 DM.Heinz Mack in conversation with Magdalena Broska. December 2008. In: Kunst und Krefeld e. V. (ed.): Paul Wember on his 100th birthday. Krefeld 2013, . Wember used a wide range of contacts with gallery owners such as Michael Hertz, Alfred Schmela, Rolf Ricke, Rudolf Zwirner and Conny Fischer for exhibitions and purchases.
In 1960, the Kaiser Wilhelm Museum closed for an urgently needed general renovation, which, however, was to begin in 1966. With the expiry of the 10 years, exhibition activities in Haus Lange also ended for the time being in 1966, thus closing both museums.
Since 1969 In April 1969, the Kaiser Wilhelm Museum was reopened. Ulrich Lange also donated Haus Lange to the city with the condition of exhibiting contemporary art there for 99 years. Wember retired in 1975. In 1976, the city of Krefeld acquired Haus Esters, the neighbouring house of Haus Lange, which opened in 1981 as another exhibition institute for temporary exhibitions of contemporary art.
In 2010, the Kaiser Wilhelm Museum closed once again for a fundamental renovation, which was carried out from 2012. With the completion of the work, the first collection presentation Das Abenteuer unserer Sammlung I was opened on 2 June 2016, thus presenting many works to the public for the first time in over six years.
Buildings
Kaiser-Wilhelm-Museum The museum building was built in 1894–1897 in the style of eclecticism and extended in 1910–1912 with north and south wings. The building remained undamaged in the Second World War and was rebuilt in 1966–1969. The removal of the grand staircase and the emperor's statue increased the exhibition space by almost 40%.
Between 2012 and 2016, the house was renovated once again and equipped according to international museum standards for climate and safety. In the process, the mural Lebensalter by Jan Thorn Prikker, created in 1923, was made visible again.
Haus Lange / Haus Esters
In 1927, Hermann Lange, art collector and director of the Vereinigte Seidenwebereien (VerSeidAG), together with Josef Esters, also director of the VerSeidAG, commissioned the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe to design the homes for both families. In the same year, Mies van der Rohe had already realised the furnishing of the Café Samt und Seide at the Berlin trade fair Die Mode der Dame with his then partner Lilly Reich on behalf of the Association of German Silk Weavers with headquarters in Krefeld.
The two-storey villas, built between 1928 and 1931 in the style of classical modernism, extend into the site as flat structures consisting of nested cubes and dominant rows of windows. All the south-facing windows of the house are designed as undivided glass surfaces that can be recessed into the ground except for a low parapet height. This allows the separation between interior and exterior space to be temporarily eliminated. On the street side, however, the buildings appear relatively closed and compact. Inside, the room segments interlock.
Mies van der Rohe also designed the gardens for Haus Esters, and presumably also for Haus Lange because of the similarity. The result was landscaped areas with wide lawns, straight paths and flowerbeds whose geometry follows the formal language of the buildings. The gardens are part of the .
Collection The collection of the Kunstmuseen Krefeld comprises approx. 14,000 works from the fields of painting, sculpture, graphic art, applied art, photography and new media.
Art before 1945 The older works in the museum bear the mark of the history of the museum's origins—especially in the many donations and endowments from the early days which form the foundation of the collection. The aforementioned Oetker Collection is particularly worthy of mention, as well as the Kramer Collection with medieval sculptures from the Lower Rhine. So too, the former Beckerath Collection forms a closed complex of Italian Renaissance art with, among other things, several high-quality sculptural works of the Quattrocento.
One focus is on paintings from the 19th century, including works by Franz von Lenbach, Wilhelm Leibl, Johann Wilhelm Schirmer, Hans Thoma and various artists of the Düsseldorf School of Painting. Of particular note is , a joint painting by Eduard Bendemann, Theodor Hildebrandt, Julius Hübner, Wilhelm von Schadow and Karl Ferdinand Sohn, created in Rome in 1830.
Classical Modernism is represented, among others, by the marble sculpture Eva (1900) by Auguste Rodin and the painting The Houses of Parliament in London (1904) by Claude Monet. The Modern collection was torn apart in 1937 by the confiscations in the context of degenerate art. Heinrich Campendonk's Pierrot with Sunflower (1925) and the painting Kuhmelken (1913) by Emil Nolde returned to the collection after the war. Some gaps were closed again after 1945 through targeted acquisitions. The museum has works by the German Impressionists Max Slevogt, Lois Corinth and Max Liebermann as well as Expressionist works. The Painting Flood (1912) by Wassily Kandinsky Symphony Black and Red by Alexej von Jawlensky and a group of works by Heinrich Campendonk represent the Blaue Reiter. Of particular note are the Constructivist works by Piet Mondrian, whose rightful ownership has been under discussion for some time,Stefan Koldehoff: Wem gehören die Mondrians? In Die Zeit, 8 March 2018, Theo van Doesburg and László Moholy-Nagy.
A special feature is the group of works of , with works by Heinrich Nauen, Helmuth Macke and Johan Thorn Prikker.
Art after 1945