The Ukrainian orthography of 1933 () is the Ukrainian orthography, adopted in 1933 in Kharkiv, the capital of the Ukrainian SSR. It began the process of artificial convergence of Ukrainian and Russian language traditions of orthography. Some norms that were rejected due to their absence in the Russian orthography were returned to the Ukrainian orthography of 2019.
On the eve of the reform In the 1920s, Ukrainian linguistics flourished, and considerable work was done to standardize the Ukrainian literary language, scientific terminology, and dictionaries. The work of scientists was marked by the publication of the Ukrainian orthography in 1928, which for the first time became official and unified for the whole of Ukraine. The Academic Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary, ed. Ahatanhel Krymskyi. However, the codification of 1928–1929, which combined the Dnieper and Transdniestrian language norms in one orthographic code, proved unsatisfactory under those political circumstances«Правопис 1928—1929 років, дарма що старанно опрацьований видатними мовознавцями, був нереальний, приречений на невдачу. Від самого початку його прийняли вельми неприхильно, дотримувалися неохоче. Бажане поєднання двох правописно-мовних традицій не відбулося, та ледве чи й могло відбутися при збереженні їх обох у своєрідному, штучно накиненому компромісі.». Ю. Шевельов. Українська мова в першій половині двадцятого століття 1900—1941. // Там само. — С. 171. «Учительство посилало численні делегації до комісара освіти М. Скрипника й просило перегляду правил писання іншомовних слів.» Огієнко І. Історія української літературної мови. — К., 2001. and required changes.
The beginning of repression and Russification In the early 1930s, a wave of total planned Russification swept over Ukraine under the slogans of the struggle against Ukrainian nationalism.
The "new era" of Soviet policy in relation to Ukrainian culture, as well as language, began after the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) on April 3, 1932, "On the Suppression of Nationalism in Ukraine" and the introduction of communist ideas throughout. To do this, Pavel Postyshev was sent to Ukraine, and he arrived in the capital, Kharkiv, in January 1933. He forcibly cleansed Ukraine of "nationalists." On July 7, 1933, Mykola Skrypnyk committed suicide without enduring torture. Members of the Presidium of the Orthography Commission Vsevolod Hantsov, A. Prykhodko, S. Pylypenko were repressed (Oleksa Syniavsky and A. Krymskyi were later repressed). The orthography looked for the "nationalist wreckage" needed to fight the Ukrainian national revival.
Eradication of specific features of the Ukrainian language To destroy and stop the flourishing of the Ukrainian language in general, and the literary language in particular, the Bolsheviks first undertook with other people's hands - this was undertaken by Andrii Khvylia (real name Olinter) and N. Kaganovych. In fact, they were the first to make a fuss, as if in Ukrainian linguistics it was a bourgeois-chauvinistic destructive method, which A. Khvylia consolidated in his sad memory with the book "Eradicate, Destroy the Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism on the Linguistic Front", Kharkiv, 1933, printed 15,000 copies.Огієнко І. Історія української літературної мови. — К., 2001. — (Перше видання — Вінніпег, 1949)
A. Khvylia, chairman of the newly created 1933 Orthography Commission at the People's Commissariat of Education, stated:
Without any discussions or conferences, the said Commission "revised" and in 1933 issued new rules. The letter ґ was dropped from the alphabet, the spelling of foreign words was radically changed, and paradigms of declension tokens were changed. About 126 amendments have been made to the rules, the section on orthography of foreign words has been completely changed. The new orthography rules were first published in the journal "Polytechnic Education" (933, No. 6), at the end of 1933 they were published in a separate book "Ukrainian orthography".
With accusations of drive a wedge between Russian and Ukrainian language practices:
Removed dual forms (дві книзі, три вербі, чотири хаті, дві руці та ін.). The use of the genitive case in the forms: бачу молодиці, веду хлопці, дивлюся на піонерки. From parallel forms бабів and баб, хатів and хат, губів and губ, статтів and статей only those closest to the Russian version are left. From parallel word-forming variants становисько — становище, огнисько — огнище, гноїсько — гноїще preference is given to the formation with an extension (suffix) -ище. Parallel forms of the dative and (singular) locative cases of nouns of the second declension святові — святу, серцеві — серцю, сонцеві — сонцю, у русі — у рухові limited to forms on -у (ю), common with Russian forms. Alternation of prefixes (prepositions) з — с before deaf consonants к, п, т, х was distributed on ф:
Orthography of 1928Orthography of 1933зфалшуватисфальшуватизфотографуватисфотографувати
The inscription of the foreign words бакханка, барбаризм on the Latin model is returned to the East Ukrainian variants developed under the influence of the Russian languages: вакханка, варваризм, as well as претенсія, іхтіосавр, бронтосавр, (legalized претензія, іхтіозавр, бронтозавр), радіюс, консиліюм, медіюм, Маріюпіль (legalized радіус, консиліум, медіум, Маріуполь). The use of the endings of the dative singular of the masculine singular (-ові, -еві/-єві) is simplified. According to the previous orthography, masculine nouns should have the endings -ові, -еві/-єві, and the use of the ending -у/-ю is limited. Further reforms simplified and generalized the use of these forms, preferring a similar Russian ending -у/-ю. There is a solid spelling of a number of adjectives:
Orthography of 1928Orthography of 1933західнійзахіднийсхіднійсхіднийтрикутнійтрикутний
The ending -и in the genitive singular for feminine nouns with two consonants at the end of the base was replaced by -і:
Orthography of 1928Orthography of 1933до смертидо смертібез совістибез совістібез честибез честі
Consistent with the etymology of writing alternating vowels:
Orthography of 1928Orthography of 1933випроваджативипроводжатиголодівкаголодовкаманастирмонастирмаривомаревосалітраселітрасоняшнийсонячнийшараваришаровари
In indirect cases, Ukrainian surnames received new endings:
Last nameOrthography of 1928Orthography of 1933Гончардо Гончарядо ГончараКравцівдо Кравцовадо КравціваМазурокдо Мазуркадо МазурокаШвецьдо Шевцядо Швеця
Geographical names are Russified. According to the 1928 orthography, the names of cities had to be transmitted "in writing in their folk-historical form" (§ 81), and the Orthography of 1933 required to be transmitted "as accepted by the Soviet authorities" (§ 89):
Orthography of 1928Orthography of 1933БасарабіяБесарабіяБерестяБрестБілгородБєлгородБердянськеБердянськБукарештБухарестЄйськеЄйськДінДонКахівкаКаховкаКремінчукКременчукЛубніЛубниЛуганськеЛуганськМелітопільМелітопольМаріюпільМаріупольМукачівМукачевеПрилукаПрилукиРівнеРовноРоменРомниРостівРостовСевастопільСевастопольСимферопільСимферопольСальськеСальськТаганрігТаганрогТираспільТираспольТеодосіяФеодосіяНовозибківНовозибковОзівське мореАзовське мореОстрогозькеОстрогозькПинськеПінск The names of the cities began to end in -ськ, -цьк (not -ське, -цьке): Волочинське, Старобільське, Пинське, Зінов'ївське, Луцьке, etc.
Such names as nouns began to be distinguished: із Старобільська, під Волочинськом, and not as adjectives: із Старобільського, під Волочинським.
Adjectives formed from the names of cities перемиський, радомиський, inverted on перемишльський, радомишльський.
It is practiced to avoid nouns in cases when they do not repeat the Russian use: preposition до in pairs with до школи, до Києва successively replaced by a preposition у — у школу, у Київ. Constructions with impersonal adjectives have disappeared from use in the UkrSSR: випуск машин припинено, злочинця затримано; натомість процвітає суржикування: випуск машин припинений, злочинець затриманий. Artificially divided adjective дружній of two adjectives: дружний and дружній, the difference between them can be established only by putting them with Russian counterparts дружный and дружественный. The same operation is done with the word багатир. Two words are artificially made from one word: багатир (rich) and богатир (vytiaz, knight, hero). Introduction of new terminology copied from Russian in all fields of knowledge:
Specific Ukrainian formRussian formRussified Ukrainian formВеликий ВізБольшая МедведицаВелика Ведмедицягородинаовощиовочісадовинафруктыфруктидієйменникинфинитивінфінітивживе сріблортутьртутьродзинкиизюмізюмстопсплавсплаврискатиретир
The names of people are standardized in accordance with the Eastern Ukrainian tradition:
Orthography of 1928Orthography of 1933АгатангелАгафангелТадейФадей and ТадейТеодосійФеодосійОлександерОлександр
Because the letter ґ was removed from the alphabet, foreign proper names with h and g began to be given with only one letter г, regardless of pronunciation (§ 76):
Orthography of 1928Orthography of 1933ГароннаГароннаҐетеГетеГаммерфестГаммерфест
Vocabulary from the Greek language with the letter θ (Cyrillic Fita) was changed according to the Eastern Ukrainian model:
Orthography of 1928Orthography of 1933анатемаанафемаАтениАфіниМетодійМефодійТеофаніяФеофанія
The sound combination ія in foreign words, approved by the orthography of 1928, has been replaced by the Russian practice іа:
Orthography of 1928Orthography of 1933варіянтваріанткомедіянткомедіантСіямСіам
German diphthong еі, that sounds like Ukrainian ай, got the Russian spelling ей:
Orthography of 1928Orthography of 1933АйнштайнЕйнштейнГайнеГейнекапельмайстеркапельмейстер
In borrowed words with a soft l, the East Ukrainian pronunciation of a hard l is affirmed:
Orthography of 1928Orthography of 1933Ля-МаншЛа-Маншлямпалампапляцплац
The spelling of foreign words according to the Russian pattern is organized:
Orthography of 1928Orthography of 1933a.генезагенезискризакризистезатезисb.ГелладаЕлладагієроґліфіерогліфгістеріяістеріягураґанураганc.АрабіяАравіяБакхВакхТебиФівиd.амнестіяамністіяхеміяхіміяd.методаметодролярольспіраляспіральf.міністерміністрОлександерОлександрциліндерциліндрg.евнухєвнухЕвропаas it was Европа (§ 79, P. 62)епархіяєпархіяЕспаніяІспаніяh.ґолфгольфмусулманинмусульманинносталгіяностальгіяшелфшельфi.авдиторіяаудиторіяавдієнціяаудіенція (§ 82, P. 63)клявзакляузаj.вуаль masculine genderвуаль feminine genderдеталь masculine genderдеталь feminine genderемаль masculine genderемаль feminine genderмодель masculine genderмодель feminine genderk.евфоріяейфоріяневтральнийнейтральнийневрологіянейрологіяl.авулаулбогдоханбогдиханБукарештБухарествермічелівермішельданець; & данськийдатчанин; & датськиймаштабмасштабмоххамеданинмагометанинпретенсіяпретензія
Normalized accents:
Orthography of 1928Orthography of 1933доне́змогудонезмо́гидушни́йду́шнийза́їздзаї́здо́сідокосі́докпо́душкаподу́шка
Russification of terminology and vocabulary After the physical massacre of linguists, the terminological case suffered another blow. Special brigades were set up to review dictionaries and remove "nationalist" words and terms; by violent methods all terminology (technical, scientific) is brought into full compliance with the Russian. Even in linguistics, Russian grammatical terminology has been introduced, rejecting all the achievements of Ukrainian scholars.
The "orthographic" reform has actually turned into a struggle with the original and authentic features of the Ukrainian language. To this end, Andriy Khvylia, a fighter against "nationalism" in linguistics, himself later repressed for nationalism, put forward the following demands to the party's supervisory bodies for terminological activities:
Stop publishing all dictionaries immediately; Review dictionaries and all terminology;