The Ukrainian orthography of 1928 (), also Kharkiv orthography () is the Ukrainian orthography of the Ukrainian language, adopted in 1927 by voting at the All-Ukrainian spelling conference, which took place in the then capital of the Ukrainian SSR, in the city of Kharkiv, with the participation of representatives of Ukrainian lands, which were then part of different states.
Mykola Skrypnyk, the People's Commissar for Education, officially approved the Ukrainian orthography of 1928 on 6 September 1928, which is why this orthography is also called Orthography of Skrypnyk (), or Skrypnykivka (). The main linguist-ideologist of this orthography was Hryhorii Holoskevych, who compiled and published in 1929 the Orthographic Dictionary, which in practice showed all the innovations of the new orthography of 1928, so this orthography is sometimes called Orthography of Holoskevych (). Already on 31 March 1929, it was approved by the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, and on 29 May by the Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lwów, Republic of Poland. The compilers of the Ukrainian orthography of 1928 were well-known Ukrainian linguists, most of whom were later repressed and their careers destroyed by the Stalinist regime, such as Ahatanhel Krymskyi, Leonid Bulakhovskyi, Olena Kurylo, Oleksa Syniavskyi, Yevhen Tymchenko, Mykola Hrunskyi, Vsevolod Hantsov, Mykola Nakonechnyi, Hryhorii Holoskevych, Borys Tkachenko and others. Members of the spelling commission were such Ukrainian writers as Maik Yohansen, Serhii Yefremov, Mykola Khvyliovyi, Mykhailo Yalovyi and others.
Today, the Ukrainian orthography of 1928 is used by the Ukrainian diaspora in a large part of its publications, the most famous of which is the oldest Ukrainian-language magazine, Svoboda, which is still published. It has been used by some modern Ukrainian authors, literary editors, and Ukrainian linguists, including Iryna Farion, Sviatoslav Karavanskyi, Oleksandr Ponomariv, and Mykola Zubkov, who are the most ardent defenders and propagandists of the Orthography of Kharkiv.
From 2000 to 2013, Ukrainian commercial television network STB TV used certain rules of this spelling together with the draft Ukrainian orthography of 1999 in the news program "Vikna".Літературний редактор СТБ Віктор Кабак: «Свою мову треба вивчати все життя», 20.03.2010
The press service of the All-Ukrainian Union "Freedom" uses the rules of Ukrainian orthography of 1928.
History
In 1926, the draft of the Ukrainian orthography was published for discussion (). The preface said:From the state commission at the NGO to streamline the Ukrainian orthography Among the participants in the All-Ukrainian Spelling Conference held in Kharkiv in 1927 were 4 high-ranking officials of the People's Commissariat, 5 academicians, 28 university professors of linguistics and philology, 8 teachers, 7 journalists and 8 writers. Three representatives of Western Ukraine also took part: Kyrylo Studynskyi, Ilarion Svientsitskyi, Vasyl Simovych.
The conference approved a new spelling code, with the exception of a few rules: this primarily concerned the debatable rules for writing letters to represent the phonemes //-// and //-//, because it was around them that the greatest controversy arose. The conference elected the presidium of the Spelling Commission consisting of 5 people, which in 1928 adopted a compromise decision on the rules of discussion: the Galician and Dnieper traditions of the Ukrainian language were taken into account. This decision, however, was not unequivocally approved by the orthographers. In particular, Ahatangel Krymskyi considered concessions to the Galician orthography to be speculation and political flirtation between Skrypnyk and the Galicians, and the Galician orthography itself was outdated.Жежера В. Здорові нерви бувають тепер хіба в ідіотів // Gazeta.ua. — 2011 — 13 січня.
The orthography was printed and distributed in 1929 - since then all schools and publishing houses of the Ukrainian SSR were obliged to adhere to it. For the sake of the unity of the Ukrainian literary language, the leadership of the Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv decided to adhere to the norms of the new spelling in Galicia.
All further changes in the Ukrainian orthography were developed on behalf of the government by specially created orthographic commissions.1933-го зміни затвердила Правописна комісія А. Хвилі при Наркоматі Освіти; 1943-45 проєкт нового правопису розробила комісія під керівництвом акад. Л. Булаховського, перша редакція чинного нині правопису була затверджена 1946 року народним комісаром П. Тичиною; 1989 Орфографічна комісія при Відділенні літератури, мови й мистецтвознавства АН УРСР затвердила третю редакцію, її широке обговорення в пресі мало наслідком вихід четвертої редакції 1993 року. Докладніше див.: Переднє слово / Історія українського правопису XVI—XX ст. Хрестоматія. К., 2004. С. 18-20. In 1933, an orthography commission headed by A. Khvylia (Olinter), which was destroyed by the Stalinist regime in 1938, reworked the Ukrainian Spelling, recognizing the norms of 1927-1928 as "nationalist." On 4 October 1937, a critical article appeared in the newspaper Pravda, according to which the Ukrainian language should be brought closer to Russian.
After that, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CP (B) U adopted a resolution according to which:«Consider it necessary to publish in the pages of the newspaper "Communist" a detailed, detailed critique of the distortions and errors made in the "Dictionary", in particular regarding the use of Polish and other foreign words in the Ukrainian language, while to denote new concepts are closer and familiar to Ukrainian folk n words. Instruct the commission to consider all the corrections that will need to be made to the dictionary».But some norms that were rejected due to their absence in the Russian orthography were returned to the Ukrainian orthography of 2019.
Differences
Phonetics and spelling Ukrainian orthography of 1928Ukrainian orthography of 1933Ukrainian orthography of 2019AlphabetАа, Бб, Вв, Гг, Ґґ, Дд, Ее, Єє, Жж, Зз, Ии, Іі, Її, Йй, Кк, Лл, Мм, Нн, Оо, Пп, Рр, Сс, Тт, Уу, Фф, Xх, Цц, Чч, Шш, Щщ, Юю, Яя, Ьь. The letter Ґ for distinguishing the phoneme /ɡ/ from /ɦ/ was used in the Peresopnytsia Gospel of the 16th century, in Meletius Smotrytskyi's Grammar (1619); Borys Hrinchenko in the Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language (1907–1909) cites about 300 words with the letter Ґ.
Naum Kahanovych believed that the letter Ґ appeared at the beginning of the 20th century and is a "clumsy innovation", which is artificially used only in a dozen words: that the ‘fraternal Russian and Ukrainian alphabets’ will not have the same number of letters (33 and 32, respectively), but Ukraine, as Russia's younger sister and its direct linguistic descendant, must understand such a step."Аа, Бб, Вв, Гг, Дд, Ее, Єє, Жж, Зз, Ии, Іі, Її, Йй, Кк, Лл, Мм, Нн, Оо, Пп, Рр, Сс, Тт, Уу, Фф, Xх, Цц, Чч, Шш, Щщ, Юю, Яя, Ьь. In 1933, the spelling commission removed the letter Ґ as "bourgeois nationalist sabotage."
In 1934, the Commission of the People's Commissariat of Education issued a resolution: "Due to the fact that there are clauses in the state Ukrainian orthography such that their application has politically harmful consequences, to adjust the Ukrainian orthography in the direction of greater specification of the clause on the use of Ґ. Reject the artificial separation of the Ukrainian language from the Russian language in dictionaries and eliminate the nationalist spelling rules that oriented the Ukrainian language to Polish and Czech bourgeois cultures."
AndriI Khvylia claimed that the letter Ґ focused Ukrainian on Galician language practice, which is far from the millions of working masses of Soviet Ukraine.Аа, Бб, Вв, Гг, Ґґ, Дд, Ее, Єє, Жж, Зз, Ии, Іі, Її, Йй, Кк, Лл, Мм, Нн, Оо, Пп, Рр, Сс, Тт, Уу, Фф, Xх, Цц, Чч, Шш, Щщ, Ьь, Юю, Яя. The letter Ґ was renewed in the third edition of the Ukrainian orthography of 1990 to distinguish the phoneme /ɡ/ from /ɦ/ in words of foreign origin.Nouns on -ть feminine III declension in the genitive singular§ 25. -и have: b) Feminine nouns of the third declension ending with -ть after the second consonant: 'від ра́дости, зві́сти, до сме́рти, без чве́рти... Also exceptionally: 'до о́сени, без со́ли, кро́ви, любо́ви, Ру́си.
This is how these words are presented in the Dictionary edited by Borys Hrinchenko, which is still one of the important measures of Ukrainian vocabulary.§ 47. -и have: Generic, dative cases have endings -і. Olexander Ponomaiv believed that the ending -и in feminine nouns of the third declension in the genitive case on -ть creates a distinction between the genitive case one hand from the dative and locative. This is how Ukrainian classics wrote: "Поет не боїться від ворога смерти, Бо вільная пісня не може умерти" (Леся Українка).§ 95. Nouns on -ть after the consonant, as well as words кров, любо́в, о́сінь, сіль, Русь, Білору́сь in the genitive case singular can be acquired as a variant of the ending -и: гідности, незале́жности, ра́дости, сме́рти, че́сти, хоро́брости; кро́ви, любо́ви, о́сени, со́ли, Ру́си́, Білору́си;The use of the letter И at the beginning of Ukrainian specific and mastered words before the consonants н and рИ or І § 3. 2. At the beginning of the word и is never written, only і: Іван, іти, іду, ім’я, імення, Ілля, інбар, інжир, і́скра, і́стик, існувати, ́ істота, і́стина, і́нший, і́ноді, і́нколи, і́ній, І́род, etc.
Before the spelling reform of 1927, the classics of Ukrainian literature used и at the beginning of Ukrainian specific and mastered words before the consonants н and р, in contrast to Russian, where ы was never used at the beginning of words.§ 3. The word is always written і at the beginning: існувати, істина, інший, іноді, інколи, іній, ім'я, Іван, іти, іду, інжир, інститут, індустралізація, etc. И used at the beginning of the corresponding exclamations, onomatopoeias and derivatives thereof, at the beginning of foreign borrowings — common and proper nouns, when in the donor language at the beginning of the word there is a sound close to Ukrainian и: ива, ивилга, идол, Игиатта, ижиця, илець, инакше, инакодумець, инбирець, инде, индик, индута, Индюр, инжир, иній, инколи, иноді, инколи, инший, иноземний, иноземщина, инопланетянин, инородець, иншомовний, ирджок/ирчок, иржа, Исиах, искра, искорник, искроватий, переинакшити, etc.§ 2. Some words have variants with a vowel и: і́рій and и́рій, і́род and и́род (‘very cruel man’). И we write at the beginning of individual exclamations (ич!), particles (ич який хитрий), verb и́кати and a noun derived from i и́кання. И at the beginning of the word we use in some common and proper nouns derived from Turkic and other languages, according to their pronunciation in these languages: ийбе́н, ир, Ич-оба́, Кім Чен Ин;Nouns of neuter and feminine gender in the genitive case of the plural ending in -ів (-їв)Only neuter and feminine nouns: без прислів'їв, подвір'їв, волів (від воло), багнів (і багон), полів (рідко піль), морів, місців (і місць), обличчів (і облич), роздоріжж́ів (і роздоріж), стовпищів (і стовпищ), питаннів (і питань), бабів, хатів (і хат), губів (від губа = labium), розкошів, подорожів, матерів, статтів (і статтей), відповідів (і відповідей), тварів (і тварей), etc.From parallel forms бабів and баб, відповідів and відповідей, губів and губ, місців and місць, обличчів and облич, питаннів and питань, роздоріжж́ів and роздоріж, статтів and статей, стовпищів and стовпищ, хатів and хат only those closest to the Russian version are left.Бабів and баб, губів and губ are used, but are not directly mentioned in the spelling.The ending -у, -ю in the genitive case of city names§ 20. Orthography of suffixes