Vincentian nationality law is regulated by the Saint Vincent Constitution Order of 1979, as amended; the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Citizenship Act of 1984, and its revisions; and various British Nationality laws. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Vincentian nationality is typically obtained either on the principle of jus soli, i.e. by birth in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; or under the rules of jus sanguinis, i.e. by birth abroad to parents with Vincentian nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalisation. There is not currently a program in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines for persons to acquire nationality through investment in the country. Nationality establishes one's international identity as a member of a sovereign nation. Though it is not synonymous with citizenship, for rights granted under domestic law for domestic purposes, the United Kingdom, and thus the commonwealth, have traditionally used the words interchangeably.
Acquiring Vincentian nationality Vincentian nationality is acquired through birth, registration, or naturalisation.
By birth
Persons who are born within the territory, except if the parent has diplomatic immunity or is a national of a country at war with Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Persons who are born abroad to at least one parent who was born in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; or Persons born upon aircraft or ships registered in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines or unregistered aircraft or ships belonging to the government.
By registration Nationality by registration includes those who have familial or historic relationship affiliations with Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Persons who acquire nationality by registration include:
The spouse of a national of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Commonwealth citizens, who are ordinary residents of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and who have resided in the territory for seven years; Minor persons who were born to a Vincentian parent who would have acquired such nationality had their parent not died prior to independence; Minors under age twenty-one who are legally adopted by or the step-child of a national; or Any minor, at the discretion of the Minister.
By naturalisation Ordinary naturalisation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines can be obtained by adult persons of legal capacity, who in the 12 months prior to submitting an application resided in the territory, are of good character, and intend to be a resident of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Applicants petition the Minister responsible for immigration, who considers whether the applicant has adequate knowledge of the English language; and has resided within the territory, worked for the government, or has combined residency and government service for nine years. Upon approval, applicants must take an Oath of Allegiance and may be required to renounce their citizenship of origin.
Loss of nationality Nationals may voluntarily renounce their affiliation with Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, if the declarant is a legal adult and of full capacity. Renunciation may not be accepted if Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is in a war with the proposed new source of nationality. Denaturalisation may occur if a person obtained nationality through fraud, false representation, or concealment; if they have committed acts of treason; if they have committed acts of disloyalty or service to a foreign government; and if they have continuously resided abroad for a period of five years.
Dual nationality Vincentians have been allowed to have dual nationality from the time of independence.
History Kalinago, African, and French period (1493–1783) The Kalinago people, also known as Island Caribs, who originated in The Guianas, arrived on Saint Vincent around 1200 AD, and exterminated the native Arawak people. By virtue of a papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI in 1493 to settle boundary disputes between Spain and Portugal, Spain acquired the right to claim all lands between the north and south poles lying 100 sea miles west of the Azores or the Cape Verde islands. Though some histories have reported that Christopher Columbus landed on Saint Vincent on 22 January 1498, current scholarship indicates that he was in Spain at that time. Which European nation may have first identified Saint Vincent is unknown, but the resistance by the Kalinago people to Spanish settlement prevented the Spaniards from attempting to settle in the Lesser Antilles. From 1596, British sailors reported that the inhabitants of the islands included Kalinago people and Africans. Africans on the island came as captives of the Kalinago people from raids on neighboring islands; as runaways from nearby Saint Lucia and Barbados; or as survivors of shipwrecks in the nearby waters. Intermarriage between the Kalinago people and Africans produced a group of mixed ancestry, which came to be known as the Black Carib people.
In 1626, the Compagnie de Saint-Christophe was chartered by Louis XIII's chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu to colonise the Lesser Antilles, between the eleventh and eighteenth parallels. In 1627 a royal patent was issued by Charles I of England to James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle granting rights over the Caribbean islands situated between 10° and 20° north latitude, creating a competing claim. Attempts by both the British and French to colonise Saint Vincent during this period were unsuccessful because of the resistance of the Kalinago people. In 1635, the Compagnie de Saint-Christophe was reorganised under a new patent for the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique, granting the new company all the properties and administration of its predecessor, as well as the rights to continue colonising neighbouring vacant islands. By 1650, the Company was facing bankruptcy and Jacques Dyel du Parquet, Governor of Martinique, sailed to France and in September purchased the sole proprietorship for Grenada, the Grenadines, Martinique and Sainte-Lucie for 41,500 Francs. In 1654, du Parquet sent an expedition to attack the Kalinago people on Saint Vincent. The Africans and indigenous groups combined forces to repel the French. In March 1660 Kalinago representatives met with English and French representatives in Guadeloupe to negotiate a peace. The agreement signed allowed Dominica and Saint Vincent to remain Kalinago territory and prohibited settlement on those islands by the English or French except the missionaries who were already there. In return the Kalinago people agreed to stop their raids against English and French colonies on other islands.
In 1661 proprietary rule was ended by Louis XIV upon his individual rise to the throne. To take advantage of trading opportunities, in 1664, he created the French West India Company, granting them a trading monopoly in the French Antilles. A decade later, he dissolved the company and incorporated all of the French possessions in the Americas into crown colonies. In 1668, in response to the Kalinago's support of the Dutch in the Anglo-Dutch War (1665–1667) and increasing French influence among them, Lord Francis Willoughby of Parham, administrator of Britain's holdings in the Lesser Antilles, sent troops to Saint Vincent. After capturing several Kalinago men, he forced them to sign a treaty of friendship and support with Britain and agree to return British captives. In 1686, the Lieutenant-Governor of Barbados, Edwin Stede, sent John Temple to Saint Vincent with orders to make clear the British claim to the island and order the removal of foreigners. Though repelled by the Kalinago, the British burned homes and food stores on the island. British attempts at persuading the Kalinago people by force were far less effective than the diplomacy of the French in gaining alliances with the native inhabitants of Saint Vincent.
As more Africans arrived on the island, their numbers eventually exceeded those of the Kalinago people and conflicts arose. In 1700, an agreement, brokered by the Governor of Martinique, was reached for the Black Caribs to live on the eastern coast and the Kalinago people to live in the west. Despite the agreement of 1660, French subjects began to expand into Kalinago territory again. An attempt made in 1721, to persuade these adventurers to abandon their farms to take up land grants in Grenada, Guadeloupe, or Martinique proved ineffective in getting settlers to return to France's imperial lands. Two years later, a British expedition, led by John Braithwaite, attempted to gain permission from the Kalinago to establish a settlement. Though he offered gifts, they remained resolute refusing to allow the British to colonize. By 1732, a census designed to determine the extent of Europeans on the island enumerated 284 white inhabitants, 103 free people of colour, and 854 slaves residing in Saint Vincent. As the population of French settlers continued to grow in supposedly neutral territory, by 1750, British officials began to complain and press for colonists to be evacuated. Imperial administrators on both sides negotiated throughout the first half of the 1750s, but in 1756 with the outbreak of the Seven Years' War the agreement reached in 1660 began to unravel. In March 1762, British troops attacked Saint Vincent, gaining control of the island, which was formally ceded to Britain under the terms of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, without consultation with the Kalinago people or consideration of the 1660 agreement with them. At the time of the treaty, the population on Saint Vincent indicated there were 1,300 free inhabitants, 3,430 slaves, and 1,138 Kalinago people, though the estimate of the native population is questionable.
In 1764, British administrators arrived on Saint Vincent and implemented a land distribution program. Over the next three years, they gave patents to 12,507 acres on the western side of the island, but none in the territory controlled by the Black Caribs. In 1769, an expedition was sent to survey the lands occupied by the Black Caribs, but Joseph Chatoyer, one of their leaders, refused to allow the British encroachment. Ignoring them, British surveyors began to work on building a road and were captured by a group of Black Caribs, who informed the British they would release them upon agreement to give up interference in native territory. Though they agreed to the terms, the British had no intention of allowing the Black Caribs to retain their territory. A military assault ensued and the two sides reached a stalemate, with neither gaining ground. The conflict was finally concluded in 1773 by an agreement for the Black Caribs to cede a portion of their land to Britain and allow roads to be built in exchange for retaining the remainder of their territory. Neither side was pleased with the outcome and the Black Caribs used their relationship with the French to attempt to oust the British when hostilities emerged during the American Revolutionary War. The French and Black Caribs took over the island in 1779 and held it until 1783, when the Treaty of Versailles returned Saint Vincent to the British.
British colonial period (1783–1979)