The Coral reefs of Solomon Islands consists of six major islands and over 986 smaller islands, in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and northwest of Vanuatu. Solomon Islands lie between latitudes 5° and 13°S, and longitudes 155° and 169°E. The distance between the westernmost and easternmost islands is about . The Santa Cruz Islands are situated north of Vanuatu and are especially isolated at more than from the other islands. The Solomon Islands (the Solomons) has the 22nd largest Exclusive Economic Zone of of the Pacific Ocean.
The Solomons has a rich and diverse marine life, including coral reefs and seagrass meadows. The islands are part of the Coral Triangle, the region of the western Pacific with the World's greatest diversity of corals and coral reef species. The recognizable reef systems in the Solomons are: fringing reef, patch reef, barrier reef, atoll reefs and lagoon environment. The baseline survey of marine biodiversity in 2004, identified the Solomons as having the second highest diversity of corals in the World, second only to the Raja Ampat Islands in eastern Indonesia.
The Coral reefs of Solomons make up nearly of total coral reef area. There are 113 Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMA) containing an estimated 155 no-take zones in the Solomons. The largest LMMA, with a contiguous no-take zone, is on Tetepare Island.
More than 90% of inshore coastal areas, reefs and islets in the Solomons are owned and managed under the customary marine tenure system, under which family units, clans, or tribes have rights to access and use marine resources. This kinship group ownership system is recognised under the Solomon Islands Constitution. The methods of management of marine resources under the customary marine tenure system include limited entry, closed seasons, closed areas, size limits, species prohibitions and restrictions on the use of fishing equipment. The success or failure of conservation efforts on coral reefs largely depends on the attitudes of the communities owning them.
Areas of high biodiversity and conservation value
A total 12 offshore sites and 53 inshore sites have been identified as Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) - areas of high biodiversity and conservation. The highest-scoring sites were Marovo Lagoon and the Arnavon Community Marine Conservation Area. The offshore sites are Roncador Reef, Ontong Java Atoll, Tikopia, and Vanikoro, an island in the Santa Cruz group.
KBAs include:
Reef sites and lagoons within Western Province, including Kennedy Island (Kasolo Island), Tetepare Island, Marovo Lagoon (which covers , the Zaira Resource Management Area on the western coast of Vangunu Island and New Georgia Island, and Mushroom Island at the edge of Roviana Lagoon, on the southern side of New Georgia. Reef sites and lagoons within Choiseul Province including Zinoa Island that is located on the south-west side of Choiseul Island and includes the Zinoa Marine Conservation Area, which covers 150 ha or and consists of two small islands and associated reefs; Rabakel is a marine protected area (MPA), measuring , at the northern end of Choiseul Island that includes a stretch of fringing coral reef; Moli Island, off the western side of Choiseul Island, which has a locally managed marine area (LMMA) that includes a stretch of fringing coral reef; and Muzo Island that is located towards the southern end of Choiseul Island that is fringed by a coral reef and is sheltered from strong wave action by a barrier reef directly to the south. Reef sites and lagoons within Isabel Province including: the Arnavon Community Marine Conservation Area. Reef sites and lagoons within Malaita Province including Langa Langa Lagoon or Akwalaafu; Lau Lagoon, the coral reef lagoon off the coast of Fanalei and Walande villages on the eastern side of Malaita Island; and Ndai or Dai, which is a small ( elevated coral reef island off the northern end of Malaita Island. Reef sites in Rennell and Bellona Province including Rennell Island, and the Indispensable Reefs, which are a chain of three large coral atolls in the Coral Sea spread over a length of , approximately south of Rennell Island. The atolls enclose deep lagoons. North Reef has two narrow openings in the north and northwest, with no islets. The reef has a total area of , including the lagoon and reef flat. Middle Reef has a total area of . A small islet is located near the center of the reef. South Reef has a total area of .
Structure of the reefs of Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands is located at the edge of the Solomon Sea Plate, the Pacific Plate and other oceanic tectonic plates. These autochthonous geological systems have tilted to push up and create some of islands, and some of islands are volcanic in origin.
The coral reefs are developed by the carbonate-based skeletons of a variety of animals and algae. Slowly, over time, the reefs have built up to the surface in oceans. Coral reefs are found in shallow, warm salt water. The sunlight filters through clear water and allows microscopic organisms to live and reproduce. Coral reefs are composed of tiny, fragile animals known as coral polyps. Coral reefs are significantly important because of the biodiversity, and are at risk from the detrimental effects of human action and inaction, such as overfishing; and heightened levels of nutrients in the water due to pollution from human waste, which feeds the growth of Macroalgae species (seaweed).
The coral reefs of the Solomons are predominantly fringing reefs, although Ontong Java Atoll and Sikaiana, are examples of coral atolls. Long submerged barrier reefs are uncommon in Solomons, although there are some examples, including in the Reef Islands, a line of four reefs stretches westwards for while the Great Reef, which is further north, is about long.
The fringing reefs of the Solomons are found off the mountainous volcanic islands of the Solomon Islands archipelago, which includes Choiseul, the Shortland Islands, the New Georgia Islands, Santa Isabel, the Russell Islands, the Florida Islands, Tulagi, Malaita, Maramasike, Ulawa, Owaraha (Santa Ana), Makira (San Cristobal), and the main island of Guadalcanal. Bougainville Island is the largest island in the archipelago, while it is geographically part of the Solomon Islands archipelago, it is politically an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea. The volcanic islands with fringing reefs include the remote, tiny outliers, Tikopia, Anuta, and Fatutaka.
The largest coral reef systems in the Solomons are located where large lagoons are protected by raised or semi-submerged barrier reefs or by raised limestone islands, such as, Marovo Lagoon and Roviana Lagoon (on the southern side of New Georgia Island. There are some large lagoon complexes are that are protected by volcanic islands, raised islands, sand cays, or barrier reefs. Examples of such as reefs are (1) Marau Sound in the eastern part of Guadalcanal; (2) Lau Lagoon on the northeast coast of Malaita; (3) in the vicinity of Vangunu in southeastern New Georgia; (4) in Gizo, on Vonavona island, and the lagoon of New Georgia; (5) along the northeastern coast of Choiseul; (6) on both sides of Manning Strait between Choiseul and Santa Isabel Island; (7) and adjacent to the Shortland Islands near Bougainville.
Sikaiana (formerly called the Stewart Islands) is a small atoll northeast of Malaita is almost in length and its lagoon, known as Te Moana, is totally enclosed by the coral reef. Sikaiana is an example of a coral atoll formed from an oceanic volcano, with a coral reef growing around the shore of the volcano and then, over several million years, the volcano becomes extinct, eroded and subsided completely beneath the surface of the ocean. The reef and the small coral islets on top of it are all that is left of the original island, and a lagoon has taken the place of the former volcano. For the atoll to persist, the coral reef must be maintained at the sea surface, with coral growth matching any relative change in sea level (subsidence of the island or rising oceans). On the atolls, an annular reef rim surrounds the lagoon, and may include natural reef channels.
Rennell has a land area of that is about long and wide. It is the second largest raised coral atoll in the world. Rennell Island is an example of a reef island also formed from an oceanic volcano that has a completely closed rim of dry land, with the remnants of a lagoon that has no direct connection to the open sea.
The Marovo lagoon is the second largest saltwater lagoon in the World at . Huvadhu Atoll in the Maldives is the largest saltwater lagoon at . Marovo lagoon is surrounded by Vangunu Island and Nggatokae Island, both extinct volcanic islands, at . It is part of the New Georgia Islands, which are located to the northwest of Guadalcanal and is protected by a double barrier reef system.
The volcanic island of Malaita includes, on the northwest coast, the Langa Langa Lagoon and the Lau Lagoon on the northeast coast. The Langa Langa Lagoon or Akwalaafu, is . The Lau Lagoon is more than long and contains about 60 artificial islands built on the reef. The people of the Lau Lagoon continue to live on the reef islands.
State of the reefs of the Solomon Islands
Surveys of marine biodiversity
The baseline survey of marine biodiversity in 2004, identified 494 coral species, including nine potentially new species and extended the known range of 122 coral species to include the Solomons. The 2004 survey also recorded 1,019 species of reef fish, of which 47 were species range extensions.
There are 3 species of pearl oysters: Black-lip oyster (Pinctada margaritifera), White-lip oyster (Pinctada maxima), and Pteria penguin.
Six species of giant clam (Tridacna) occur: Tridacna crocea; Hippopus hippopus; Tridacna squamosa; Tridacna maxima; Tridacna derasa (southern giant clam or Smooth giant clam); and Tridacna gigas, which can grow to . These giant clams have been overharvested and restrictions now protect the resource for local subsistence use only. Only farmed shells are allowed to be marketed commercially.
Erect coralline algae (red algae), and Halimeda (green macroalgae) was commonly found throughout the Solomons, particularly at depths deeper than 15 meters.
Reef sites and lagoons within Western Province were surveyed in 2014 near Gizo, Munda, Marovo Lagoon and Nono Lagoon, both located in the New Georgia Islands. These areas had an average Live Coral Cover (LCC) ranging from 18 to 49%. The sites with the highest LCC in the Western Province and second highest in the Solomons were on the exposed side of the fringing reef near Marovo Lagoon measuring an average of 49% LCC. The exposed side of the fringing reef of Marovo Lagoon had an average of 38% LCC. The sites with the lowest live coral cover were found near Munda with an average of 18% LCC. The exposed side of the fringing reef of Marovo Lagoon was dominated by Acropora, followed by Porites, Montipora, Millepora, and Echinopora. Munda was dominated by Acropora, followed by Porites, Montipora and Agariciidae.
Nono Lagoon had an average overall LCC of 32%; with individual sites ranging from 20% to 50% LCC. The lagoon floor cover included leather corals, sponges, and other soft corals such as (Sinularia and Sacrophotons). The algal community within Nono Lagoon was dominated by crustose coralline algae which accounted for 47% of the total algae observed, with the next most dominant algae being turf algae accounting for 29% of the total algae.
The coral diversity in the Western Province was evenly spread among common reef-building genera including Porites, Acropora, Montipora, Pocillopora, Pocillopora, Turbinaria and Millepora (hydrocorals). Isopora was one of the most abundant coral genera in the reefs off Gizo.