This page provides supplementary chemical data on carbon dioxide, including aspects of its solid, liquid, gaseous and supercritical phases.

Material Safety Data Sheet

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions. MSDS for solid carbon dioxide is available from Pacific Dry Ice, inc.

Structure and properties

Structure and properties Index of refraction, nD 1.000449 at 589.3 nm and 0 °C Dielectric constant, εr 1.60 ε0 at 0 °C, 50 atm Average energy per C=O bond 804.4 kJ/mol at Darwent, B. deB. (1970). "Bond Dissociation Energies in Simple Molecules" Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 31, 52 pages. Bond length C=O 116.21 pm (1.1621 Å) Bond angle O–C–O: 180° (STP), decreasing to as low as 163° at higher temperature and/or pressure Magnetic susceptibility −0.49×10^−6 cm^3/mol Surface tension 4.34 dyn/cm at 20 °Cand equilibrium pressure ViscosityLange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. pp. 1669–1674 of liquidat equilibrium pressure 0.0925 mPa·s at 5 °C0.0852 mPa·s at 10 °C0.0712 mPa·s at 20 °C0.0625 mPa·s at 25 °C0.0321 mPa·s at 31.1 °C

Thermodynamic properties

Phase behavior Triple point , 518.5 kPa Critical point , 7.38 MPa Std enthalpy changeof fusion, ΔfusHo 9.019 kJ/mol at triple point Entropy changeof fusion, ΔfusS 40 J/(mol·K) at triple point Std enthalpy changeof vaporization, ΔvapHo 15.326 kJ/mol at (348 J/g) Std entropy changeof vaporization, ΔvapSo 70.8 J/(mol·K) Solid properties Std enthalpy changeof formation, ΔfHosolid −427.4 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy,Sosolid 51.07 J/(mol·K) Heat capacity, cp2.534 J/(mol·K) at 47.11 J/(mol·K) at 54.55 J/(mol·K) at Liquid properties Std enthalpy changeof formation, ΔfHoliquid −393.5kJ/mol Standard molar entropy,Soliquid 213.7J/(mol K) Heat capacity, cp 80—150 J/(mol·K) at 220—290 K Gas properties Std enthalpy changeof formation, ΔfHogas −393.52 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy,Sogas 213.79 J/(mol·K) Heat capacity,Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed, pp. 1525–1528. cp33.89 J/(mol K) at –75 °C 36.33 J/(mol K) at 0 °C 36.61 J/(mol K) at 15 °C 38.01 J/(mol K) at 100 °C 43.81 J/(mol K) at 400 °C 50.87 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C 56.91 J/(mol K) at 2000 °C 53.01 J/(mol K) at 38 °C, 2457 kPa 60.01 J/(mol K) at 38 °C, 5482 kPa 183.1 J/(mol K) at 38 °C, 8653 kPa Heat capacity ratioγ = cp/cv1.37 at –75 °C 1.310 at 0 °C 1.304 at 15 °C 1.281 at 100 °C 1.235 at 400 °C 1.195 at 1000 °C 1.171 at 2000 °C van der Waals' constantsLange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed, pp. 1522–1524. a = 363.96 L2 kPa/mol2b = 0.04267 liter per mole Equilibrium with carbon monoxideLange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. pp. 1573–1576. CO + O2 → CO2

K =

pK = log10 KpK = 45.0438 at T = 298.16 K pK = 25.0054 at T = 500 K pK = 16.5383 at T = 700 K pK = 11.8409 at T = 900 K pK = 8.8583 at T = 1100 K pK = 6.7989 at T = 1300 K pK = 5.2943 at T = 1500 K

Solubility in water at various temperatures Aqueous Solubility of CO2 at 101.3 kPa (1 atm) partial pressureLange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed., p. 1100 Temperature ‡DissolvedCO2 volumeper volume H2O grams CO2 per100 ml H2O 0 °C 1.713 0.3346 1 °C 1.646 0.3213 2 °C 1.584 0.3091 3 °C 1.527 0.2978 4 °C 1.473 0.2871 5 °C 1.424 0.2774 6 °C 1.377 0.2681 7 °C 1.331 0.2589 8 °C 1.282 0.2492 9 °C 1.237 0.2403 10 °C 1.194 0.2318 11 °C 1.154 0.2239 12 °C 1.117 0.2165 13 °C 1.083 0.2098 14 °C 1.050 0.2032 15 °C 0.98819 0.1970 16 °C 0.985 0.1903 17 °C 0.956 0.1845 Temperature ‡DissolvedCO2 volumeper volume H2O grams CO2 per100 ml H2O 18 °C 0.928 0.1789 19 °C 0.902 0.1737 20 °C 0.878 0.1688 21 °C 0.854 0.1640 22 °C 0.829 0.1590 23 °C 0.804 0.1540 24 °C 0.781 0.1493 25 °C 0.759 0.1449 26 °C 0.738 0.1406 27 °C 0.718 0.1366 28 °C 0.699 0.1327 29 °C 0.682 0.1292 30 °C 0.655 0.1257 35 °C 0.592 0.1105 40 °C 0.530 0.0973 45 °C 0.479 0.0860 50 °C 0.436 0.0761 60 °C 0.359 0.0576 ‡Second column of table indicates solubility at each given temperature in volume of CO2 as it would be measured at 101.3 kPa and 0 °C per volume of water. The solubility is given for "pure water", i.e., water which contain only CO2. This water is going to be acidic. For example, at 25 °C the pH of 3.9 is expected (see carbonic acid). At less acidic pH values, the solubility will increase because of the pH-dependent speciation of CO2.

Vapor pressure of solid and liquid T in °C −134.3(s) −119.5(s) −108.6(s) −100.2(s) −85.7(s) −78.2(s) −69.1(s) −56.7 −39.5 −18.9 5.9 22.4 P in mm Hg 1 10 40 100 400 760 1520 3800 7600 15200 30400 45600 P in atm (2sf, derived from mm Hg) 0.0013 0.013 0.053 0.13 0.53 1.0 2.0 5.0 10 20 40 60 P in kPa (derived from mm Hg / atm) 0.13 1.3 5.3 13 53 101.325 202.65 506.625 1013.25 2026.5 4053 6079.5 Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. Annotation "(s)" indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid. Otherwise temperature is equilibrium of vapor over liquid. For kPa values, where datum is whole numbers of atmospheres exact kPa values are given, elsewhere 2 significant figures derived from mm Hg data.

Phase diagram

Liquid/vapor equilibrium thermodynamic data The table below gives thermodynamic data of liquid CO2 in equilibrium with its vapor at various temperatures. Heat content data, heat of vaporization, and entropy values are relative to the liquid state at 0 °C temperature and 3483 kPa pressure. To convert heat values to joules per mole values, multiply by 44.095 g/mol. To convert densities to moles per liter, multiply by 22.678 cm3 mol/(L·g). Data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th ed. pages 2560–2561, except for critical temperature line (31.1 °C) and temperatures −30 °C and below, which are taken from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. page 1463.

Carbon dioxide liquid/vapor equilibrium thermodynamic data Temp.°C PvapVaporpressurekPa HliqHeatcontentliquidJ/g HvapHeatcontentvaporJ/g ΔvapHoHeat ofvapor-izationJ/g ρvapDensityof vaporg/cm3 ρliqDensityof liquidg/cm3 SliqEntropyliquidJ/mol-°C SvapEntropyvaporJ/mol-°C −56.6 518.3 1.179 −56.0 531.8 1.177 −54.0 579.1 1.169 −52.0 629.6 1.162 −50.0 683.4 1.155 −48.0 740.6 1.147 −46.0 801.3 1.139 −44.0 865.6 1.131 −42.0 933.8 1.124 −40.0 1005.7 1.116 −38.0 1081.9 1.108 −36.0 1161.8 1.100 −34.0 1246.2 1.092 −32.0 1335.1 1.084 −30.0 1428.6 1.075 −28.89 1521 −55.69 237.1 292.9 0.03846 1.0306 −9.48 43.41 −27.78 1575 −53.76 237.3 291.0 0.03987 1.0276 −9.13 43.21 −26.67 1630 −51.84 237.6 289.4 0.04133 1.0242 −8.78 43.01 −25.56 1686 −49.87 237.6 287.5 0.04283 1.0209 −8.45 42.78 −24.44 1744 −47.91 237.8 285.7 0.04440 1.0170 −8.10 42.56 −23.33 1804 −45.94 237.8 283.6 0.04600 1.0132 −7.75 42.36 −22.22 1866 −43.93 237.8 281.7 0.04767 1.0093 −7.40 42.14 −21.11 1928 −41.92 237.8 279.6 0.04938 1.0053 −7.05 41.94 −20.00 1993 −39.91 237.8 277.8 0.05116 1.0011 −6.68 41.71 −18.89 2059 −37.86 237.8 275.7 0.05300 0.9968 −6.31 41.49 −17.78 2114 −35.82 237.6 273.6 0.05489 0.9923 −5.98 41.27 −16.67 2197 −33.73 237.6 271.2 0.05686 0.9875 −5.61 41.05 −15.56 2269 −31.64 237.3 269.2 0.05888 0.9829 −5.26 40.83 −14.44 2343 −29.54 237.3 266.9 0.06098 0.9782 −4.91 40.61 −13.33 2418 −27.41 237.1 264.5 0.06314 0.9734 −4.54 40.39 −12.22 2495 −25.27 236.9 262.2 0.06539 0.9665 −4.17 40.15 −11.11 2574 −23.09 236.7 259.7 0.06771 0.9639 −3.80 39.92 −10.00 2654 −20.90 236.4 257.3 0.07011 0.9592 −3.43 39.68 −8.89 2738 −18.69 235.9 254.8 0.07259 0.9543 −3.06 39.46 −7.78 2823 −16.45 235.7 252.2 0.07516 0.9494 −2.69 39.22 −6.67 2910 −14.18 235.2 249.4 0.07783 0.9443 −2.32 38.98 −5.56 2999 −11.90 234.8 246.6 0.08059 0.9393 −1.94 38.74 −4.44 3090 −9.977 234.3 243.8 0.08347 0.9340 −1.57 38.50 −3.89 3136 −8.410 234.1 242.4 0.08494 0.9313 −1.37 38.37 −2.78 3230 −6.046 233.6 239.7 0.08797 0.9260 −0.98 38.12 −1.67 3327 −3.648 232.9 236.6 0.09111 0.9206 −0.59 37.88 −0.56 3425 −1.222 232.4 233.6 0.09438 0.9150 −0.20 37.62 0.56 3526 1.234 231.7 230.5 0.09776 0.9094 0.20 37.36 1.67 3629 3.728 231.0 227.3 0.1013 0.9036 0.61 37.08 2.78 3735 6.268 230.4 224.0 0.1050 0.8975 1.01 36.83 3.89 3843 8.445 229.4 220.5 0.1088 0.8914 1.42 36.55 5.00 3953 11.46 228.5 217.0 0.1128 0.8850 1.83 36.25 6.11 4067 14.13 227.6 213.4 0.1169 0.8784 2.25 35.98 7.22 4182 16.85 226.5 209.7 0.1213 0.8716 2.69 35.68 8.33 4300 19.63 225.4 205.8 0.1258 0.8645 3.12 35.39 9.44 4420 22.46 224.3 201.8 0.1306 0.8571 3.56 35.07 10.56 4544 25.36 223.1 197.7 0.1355 0.8496 4.02 34.76 11.67 4670 28.33 221.8 193.4 0.1408 0.8418 4.48 34.45 12.78 4798 31.35 220.3 188.9 0.1463 0.8338 4.94 34.11 13.89 4929 34.49 218.8 184.3 0.1521 0.8254 5.42 33.76 15.00 5063 37.30 217.2 179.5 0.1583 0.8168 5.92 33.41 16.11 5200 41.03 215.1 174.4 0.1648 0.8076 6.42 33.02 17.22 5340 44.48 213.6 169.1 0.1717 0.7977 6.96 32.66 18.33 5482 48.03 211.5 163.5 0.1791 0.7871 7.49 32.25 19.44 5628 51.71 209.4 157.6 0.1869 0.7759 8.04 31.83 20.56 5776 55.61 207.0 151.4 0.1956 0.7639 8.63 31.38 21.67 5928 59.66 204.3 144.7 0.2054 0.7508 9.24 30.90 22.78 6083 63.97 201.5 137.5 0.2151 0.7367 9.89 30.39 23.89 6240 68.58 198.4 129.8 0.2263 0.7216 10.57 29.85 25.00 6401 73.51 194.8 121.3 0.2387 0.7058 11.31 29.24 26.11 6565 78.91 190.7 111.8 0.2532 0.6894 12.10 28.60 27.22 6733 84.94 186.0 101.1 0.2707 0.6720 12.99 27.84 28.33 6902 91.88 180.4 88.49 0.2923 0.6507 14.00 26.95 29.44 7081 100.4 173.1 72.72 0.3204 0.6209 15.24 25.85 30.00 7164 105.6 168.4 62.76 0.3378 0.5992 16.01 25.15 30.56 7253 112.3 162.3 50.04 0.3581 0.5661 16.99 24.24 31.1 7391 0.00 0.4641 0.4641 Temp.°C PvapVaporpressurekPa HliqHeatcontentliquidJ/g HvapHeatcontentvaporJ/g ΔvapHoHeat ofvapor-izationJ/g ρvapDensityof vaporg/cm3 ρliqDensityof liquidg/cm3 SliqEntropyliquidJ/mol-°C SvapEntropyvaporJ/mol-°C

Spectral data

UV-Vis λmax ? nm Extinction coefficient, ε ? IR Major absorption bands 2347 and 667 cm−1 (4.26 and 14.99 um) NMR Proton NMR not applicable Carbon-13 NMR 125.0 MS Masses of main fragments

Notes

References