Barenboim is a Yiddish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Daniel Barenboim (born 1942), pianist and conductor (1910–1984), Soviet theorist and bridge building practitioner Lev Barenboim (1906–1985), Russian pianist and musicologist (born 1985), a classical violinist
See also 7163 Barenboim, main-belt minor planet Birnbaum, German form