Events from the year 1813 in Germany.
Incumbents
Kingdoms Kingdom of Prussia Monarch – Frederick William III (16 November 1797 – 7 June 1840) Kingdom of Bavaria Maximilian I (1 January 1806 – 13 October 1825) Kingdom of Saxony Frederick Augustus I (20 December 1806 – 5 May 1827) Kingdom of Württemberg Frederick I (22 December 1797 – 30 October 1816)
Grand Duchies Grand Duke of Baden Charles 10 June 1811 – 8 December 1818 Grand Duke of Hesse Louis I (14 August 1806 – 6 April 1830) Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Frederick Francis I– (24 April 1785 – 1 February 1837) Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Charles II (2 June 1794 – 6 November 1816) Grand Duke of Oldenburg Wilhelm (6 July 1785 –2 July 1823 ) Due to mental illness, Wilhelm was duke in name only, with his cousin Peter, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck, acting as regent throughout his entire reign. Peter I (2 July 1823 - 21 May 1829) Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Karl August (1809–1815)
Principalities Schaumburg-Lippe George William (13 February 1787 - 1860) Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt Friedrich Günther (28 April 1807 - 28 June 1867) Schwarzburg-Sondershausen Günther Friedrich Karl I (14 October 1794 - 19 August 1835) Principality of Lippe Leopold II (5 November 1802 - 1 January 1851) Principality of Reuss-Greiz Heinrich XIII (28 June 1800-29 January 1817) Waldeck and Pyrmont George I (24 September 1812 – 9 September 1813) George II (9 September 1813 - 15 May 1845)
Duchies Duke of Anhalt-Dessau Leopold III (16 December 1751 – 9 August 1817)J. Morley, "The Bauhaus Effect," in Social Utopias of the Twenties (Germany: Müller Bushmann press, 1995), 11. Duke of Brunswick Frederick William (16 October 1806 – 16 June 1815)Gerhard Schildt: Von der Restauration zur Reichsgründungszeit, in Horst-Rüdiger Jarck / Gerhard Schildt (eds.), Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region, Braunschweig 2000, pp. 753–766. Duke of Saxe-Altenburg Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1780–1826) - Frederick Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Ernest I (9 December 1806 – 12 November 1826) Duke of Saxe-Meiningen Bernhard II (24 December 1803–20 September 1866) Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck Frederick Charles Louis (24 February 1775 – 25 March 1816)
Events 9 February – Prussia abolishes the canton system and establishes universal conscription. 28 February – Napoleonic Wars: Treaty of Kalisch – Prussia and Russia sign alliance against France 4 March – The French garrison evacuates Berlin, leaving Russian troops able to reach and take the city without a fight. 14 March – Mecklenburg-Schwerin joins the coalition 17 March – Prussia declares war on France, establishes Landwehr and introduces the Iron Cross military award (backdated to 10 March) and issues An Mein Volk proclamation 18 March – Russian Cossacks capture Hamburg 5 April – Battle of Möckern: Prusso-Russian victory over France 20 April – Saxony signs treaty of armed neutrality with Austria 21 April – Frederick William III of Prussia establishes the Landsturm 25 April – Bavaria announces its neutrality 27 April – French garrison of Spandau capitulates 2 May – Battle of Lützen – Napoleon wins against the German alliance. 20/21 May – Battle of Bautzen – French victory over the coalition 26 May – Battle of Haynau – Prussian victory against France 31 May – French troops retake Hamburg 4 June – Battle of Luckau – Coalition victory 4 June – Truce of Pläswitz begins between France, Prussia and Russia 14/15/27 June – Treaties of Reichenbach – between Great Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria 12 July – Trachenberg Plan adopted by the Allies 11 August – Austria declares war on France 16 August – The truce ends 23 August – Battle of Großbeeren: Napoleon is defeated by Prussia and Sweden. 26 August – Battle of the Katzbach: Napoleon's troops are defeated by Prussia and Russia. 26–27 August – Battle of Dresden: Napoleon's troops are victorious. 27 August – Battle of Hagelberg: Prusso-Russian victory 29–30 August – First Battle of Kulm: French Marshal Vandamme is defeated and captured, by allied Coalition forces from Russia, Prussia and Austria. 4 September: In the gaming records of Hans Carl Leopold von der Gabelentz the name of Germany's national card game, "Scat" (now Skat, appears for the time. 6 September – Battle of Dennewitz: The armies of Napoleon are defeated by Prussia and Russia. 9 September – Treaty of Töplitz – between Prussia, Austria and Russia 17 September – Second Battle of Kulm: The Allied Coalition is victorious; Napoleon is forced to halt his advance on Teplitz. 18 September – Battle of the Göhrde – Coalition victory 28 September – Battle of Altenburg – Coalition victory 29 September – Combat of Roßlau – Coalition victory 3 October – Battle of Wartenburg – Prussian victory
8 October – Treaty of Ried – Bavaria allies with the Coalition against France 14 October – Bavaria declares war on France 16–19 October – Battle of Leipzig: Napoleon is defeated by the forces of the Sixth Coalition. More than 600,000 troops are in the field, with well over 20% killed, wounded or missing. Many of the German states forming the Confederation of the Rhine defect from Napoleon to the Coalition, as a result of the battle. 26 October – King Jérôme leaves Kassel, effectively dissolving the Kingdom of Westphalia 30–31 October – Battle of Hanau: Napoleon defeats Bavarian-Austrian force. 2 November – Treaty of Fulda – Württemberg joins the Coalition 11 November – French garrison of Dresden capitulates 20 November – Baden joins the coalition 21 November – William I enters Kassel and is restored as Elector of Hesse 23 November – Hesse-Darmstadt and Nassau join the coalition 7 December – Battle of Bornhöved 8 December – Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, together with his Wellington's Victory, are premiered in Vienna under the composer's baton, in a benefit concert for Austrian and Bavarian soldiers wounded at the Battle of Hanau. 10 December – Battle of Sehested 31 December – Blücher's Army of Silesia crosses the Rhine
Births
11 February – Otto Ludwig, German writer (d. 1865) 18 March – Christian Friedrich Hebbel, German poet, playwright (d. 1863) 1 April – Karl Friedrich August Rammelsberg, German mineralogist (d. 1899) 22 May – Richard Wagner, German composer (d. 1883)
17 October – Georg Büchner, German playwright (d. 1837)
Deaths 20 January –Christoph Martin Wieland, German writer (b. 1733) 3 April – Friederike Brion, first great love of Johann Wolfgang Goethe (b. 1752) 28 June –Gerhard von Scharnhorst, Prussian general (b. 1755) 26 August – Theodor Körner, German author, soldier (b. 1791)
References