The American poet Walt Whitman gave a lecture on Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, several times between 1879 and 1890. The lecture centered on Lincoln's assassination, but also covered years leading up to and during the American Civil War and often included readings of poems such as "O Captain! My Captain!". The deliveries were generally well received, and cemented Whitman's public image as an authority on Lincoln.

Whitman greatly admired Lincoln and was moved by his assassination in 1865 to write several poems in the President's memory. The idea of a lecture on the topic was first proposed by his friend John Burroughs in an 1878 letter. Whitman, who had long aspired to be a lecturer, first spoke on the death of Lincoln in New York City's Steck Hall on April 14 the following year. Over the next eleven years, he delivered the lecture at least ten, and possibly as many as twenty, more times.

Many deliveries of the lecture were part of a broader speaker series or fundraising events. A delivery of the lecture in 1887 at Madison Square Theatre is considered the most successful presentation. Whitman's biographer Justin Kaplan writes that this delivery and the reception that followed was the closest Whitman came to "social eminence on a large scale", as it was attended by many prominent members of American society. Whitman later described that lecture and reception as "the culminating hour" of his life, but at another time criticized it as "too much the New York Jamboree". He gave the lecture for the last time in Philadelphia in 1890, two years before his death.

Background

Walt Whitman established his reputation as a poet in the late 1850s to early 1860s after the 1855 release of Leaves of Grass. The brief volume was controversial, with critics particularly objecting to Whitman's blunt depictions of sexuality and what the University of Virginia Libraries has described as its "obvious homoerotic overtones". At the start of the American Civil War, Whitman moved from New York to Washington, D.C., where he held a series of government jobs—first with the Army Paymaster's Office and later with the Bureau of Indian Affairs. He also volunteered in army hospitals as a nurse.

Although they never met, Whitman saw Abraham Lincoln several times between 1861 and 1865. The first time was when Lincoln stopped in New York City in 1861 on his way to Washington. Whitman greatly admired the President, writing in October1863, "I love the President personally," and later declaring that "Lincoln gets almost nearer me than anybody else." Lincoln's assassination on April 15, 1865, greatly moved Whitman and the nation. Shortly after Lincoln's death, hundreds of poems had already been written about it. The historian Stephen B. Oates argues that "never had the nation mourned so over a fallen leader".

Whitman himself wrote four poems in tribute to the President: "O Captain! My Captain!", "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd", "Hush'd Be the Camps To-Day", and "This Dust Was Once the Man". In 1875 he published Memoranda During the War, which included a narrative of Lincoln's death, and the following year he published an article on Lincoln's death in The New York Sun.Text of article at Barton 1965, pp. 248–254. Though Whitman also considered writing a book on Lincoln, he never did.

Whitman and lectures

In the mid-19th century, public lectures in the United States became regarded as a platform for well-known Americans to reach large numbers of people. Because of this, the lecture became directly associated with celebrity and fame. By the 1870s, Whitman had long sought to be a lecturer, writing several lectures and delivering one as early as 1851, at the Brooklyn Art Union.

In a letter written on February 3, 1878, Whitman's friend John Burroughs suggested that he deliver a lecture on Lincoln's assassination. Burroughs wrote that the editor Richard Watson Gilder also supported the idea, and suggested delivery around the anniversary of the assassination, in April. On February 24, Whitman responded to Burroughs, agreeing to the proposal. The next month, Whitman began experiencing severe pain in his shoulder and was partially paralyzed; as a result, the lecture was postponed to May. On April 18, the physician Silas Weir Mitchell attributed this paralysis to a ruptured blood vessel in Whitman's brain, and in May Whitman gave up on plans for delivering the lecture that year. In March1879, a group of Whitman's friends, including Gilder, Burroughs, and the jeweler John H. Johnston, began planning a lecture again. As part of the preparations for the first lecture, Whitman worked his New York Sun article into a format for reading aloud.

Deliveries Between 1879 and 1890 Whitman gave a lecture on the assassination of Lincoln a number of times. Money made from these lectures constituted a major source of income for him in the last years of his life, before his death in 1892.

The first lecture was given in Steck Hall, New York City, on April 14, 1879. Whitman was unable to find further bookings for the rest of the year. He did not give another lecture until April 15, 1880, in Association Hall, Philadelphia. He revised the lecture's content slightly for the second reading; it would stay in largely the same form for every subsequent delivery. Whitman gave the lecture again in 1881. No records show him delivering it in the next five years, but he gave it at least four times in 1886, and several times in the four years after. Whitman's April 15, 1887, lecture at Madison Square Theatre is considered the most successful of the deliveries, largely because it was attended by many prominent societal figures. He gave the lecture at least two further times, including his last delivery in Philadelphia on April 14, 1890, just two years before his death. The text of the lecture was published in Whitman's Complete Prose Works.Versions of the text are also published in Barton 1965, pp. 254–267 and in Whitman, Walt, Memoranda During the War, edited by Peter Coviello. Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 144–157. Whitman also sent a written copy of the lecture to his friend Thomas Donaldson in 1886. Donaldson, in turn, sent the lecture to the author Bram Stoker, who received it in 1894.

Whitman said that he gave the lecture a total of thirteen times, but later scholars give varying numbersestimates range as high as twenty. Eleven individual deliveries have been identified: + Known deliveries of Whitman's lecture on Lincoln Date LocationDescription April 14, 1879Steck Hall, New York CityGiven to a group of 60 to 80 people, Whitman's first lecture on Lincoln. Whitman sat while speaking. The reception of this lecture is unknown.April 15, 1880Association Hall, PhiladelphiaThe second known lecture, form modified slightly from the first. Whitman promoted this delivery by sending copies of the speech to several newspapers.April 15, 1881Hawthorne Room of the St. Botolph Club, BostonOver 100 attendees, including the literary critic William Dean Howells. Raised $135, with tickets sold for $1 each. Organized by the Papyrus Club. Positively received by contemporary reviewers. After the Boston lecture, James R. Osgood agreed to publish an edition of Leaves of Grass, which the historian David S. Reynolds attributes to the lecture and associated increase in perception of Whitman as a respectable figure.February 2, 1886Pythian Club, Elkton, MarylandGiven at the request of Whitman's friend Folger McKinsey as part of a public lecture series organized by the Pythian Journalists' Club.March 1, 1886Morton Hall, CamdenApril 15, 1886Chestnut Street Opera House, PhiladelphiaAttendees included Stuart Merrill and George William Childs. Arranged as a benefit for Whitman by actors and journalists and raised $692.May 18, 1886Haddonfield, New JerseyDelivered as a fundraiser to benefit a local Episcopal Church, the Collingswood Mission, that was constructing a new building. Local newspapers later described it as "a grand success" and reported that around $22 was raised.April 5 or 6, 1887Unity Church, CamdenDelivered to Camden's Unitarian Society. Described by Reynolds as "a modest affair".April 14, 1887Madison Square Theatre, New York CityGenerally considered the most successful lecture: though the theatre was not very full, it was attended by notable societal figures including prominent literary figures such as James Russell Lowell, Frances Hodgson Burnett, Edmund Clarence Stedman, Wilson Barrett, Mark Twain, Frank Stockton, Mariana Griswold Van Rensselaer; the former soldier William T. Sherman; Lincoln's biographer and former private secretary John Hay; the future Cuban revolutionary José Martí; the future author Stuart Merrill; and the sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens. Reynolds described the lecture in 1995 as a "Barnumesque event on a high scale." It was organized by Robert Pearsall Smith and several other friends of Whitman. At the end of the lecture, the poet Edmund Clarence Stedman's granddaughter brought Whitman lilacs and he read "O Captain! My Captain!". A reception at Whitman's hotel suite after the lecture was attended by about two hundred people. Whitman later described the lecture and its aftermath as "the culminating hour" of his life; he earned $600 from the event, of which $350 was from Andrew Carnegie, who may not have actually attended the lecture. However, Whitman also told his friend Horace Traubel that he considered the event "too much the New York Jamboree".April 14, 1889New York CityAttendees included John Hay.April 14 or 15, 1890Philadelphia Art Gallery, PhiladelphiaGiven to the Contemporary Club. Whitman, undeterred by his failing health, spoke to a crowd of three to four hundred people. He could reportedly only climb to the building's second floor with assistance and struggled to read his manuscript. A transcript was published in the Boston Evening Transcript of April 19. This was the last lecture; Whitman died two years later.

Content

The scholar Merrill D. Peterson describes Whitman as not an orator "either in manner or appearance". Contemporary observers also described Whitman as a poor speaker, saying that his voice would become higher than normal during deliveries and describing it as "unnatural-sounding". However, other sources describe him as speaking in a low voice.

The lecture combined clippings of previously written material, such as the article Whitman had published on Lincoln's death in the New York Sun, Memoranda During the War, The Bride of Gettysburg by John Dunbar Hilton, and some new content. In preparing for the lecture, Whitman also considered the story of Demodocus, a bard in Homer's Odyssey, who Whitman wrote "sings of the bloody war between the Greeks and Trojans".

According to the scholar Leslie Elizabeth Eckel, Whitman generally began by "downplaying his ability to handle the emotionally challenging task that lay before him". He then moved into describing the rise in tensions leading up to the 1860 presidential election and America during the Civil War era. Then he would describe Lincoln's death, the main focus of the lecture. Whitman described Ford's Theatre and the assassination in vivid detail, as if he had been there. He identified the assassination as a force that would "condensea nationality," equating Lincoln's killing to a sacrifice which would "cement[...] the whole people."