List of Saxifragales of South Africa

Saxifragales (saxifrages) is an order of flowering plants (Angiosperms). They are an extremely diverse group of plants which include trees, shrubs, perennial herbs, succulent and aquatic plants. The degree of diversity in terms of vegetative and floral features makes it difficult to define common features that unify the order.

In the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification system, the Saxifragales are placed within the major division of flowering plants referred to as eudicots, specifically the core eudicots. This subgroup consists of the Dilleniaceae, superasterids and superrosids. The superrosids in turn have two components, rosids and Saxifragales. The Saxifragales order has undergone considerable revision since its original classification based purely on plant morphology, to a classification based on molecular phylogenetics. There is an extensive fossil record from the Turonian-Campanian (late Cretaceous) time, about 90 million years ago (Myr), but molecular studies suggest an earlier origin in the early Cretaceous (102–108 Myr) with rapid early diversification to more modern forms.

The order Saxifragales consists of 15 families, about 100 genera and 2,470 species. Of the 15 families, many are small, with 8 having only a single genus, the largest family being the Crassulaceae (stonecrops) with about 35 genera. Saxifragales are found worldwide, though rarely in the tropics, and in a wide variety of habitats from desert to aquatic. They also have a wide variety of uses, from timber to foodstuffs and ornamental plants.

The anthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be a clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained the angiosperms - the extant flowering plants, such as roses and grasses - as well as the Gnetales and the extinct Bennettitales.

23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened. Nine biomes have been described in South Africa: Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, desert, Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, Albany thickets, the Indian Ocean coastal belt, and forests.

The 2018 South African National Biodiversity Institute's National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla Anthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)), Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)), Bryophyta (mosses (685)), Cycadophyta (cycads (42)), Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)), Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)), Pinophyta (conifers (33)), and Pteridophyta (cryptogams (408)).

Four families are represented in the literature. Listed taxa include species, subspecies, varieties, and forms as recorded, some of which have subsequently been allocated to other taxa as synonyms, in which cases the accepted taxon is appended to the listing. Multiple entries under alternative names reflect taxonomic revision over time.

Altingiaceae Family: Altingiaceae,

Liquidambar Genus Liquidambar: Liquidambar styraciflua L. not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive

Crassulaceae Family: Crassulaceae,

Adromischus Genus Adromischus: Adromischus alstonii (Schonland & Baker f.) C.A.Sm. indigenous Adromischus bicolor Hutchison, endemic Adromischus caryophyllaceus (Burm.f.) Lem. endemic Adromischus cooperi (Baker) A.Berger, endemic Adromischus cristatus (Haw.) Lem. endemic Adromischus cristatus (Haw.) Lem. var. clavifolius (Haw.) Toelken, endemic Adromischus cristatus (Haw.) Lem. var. cristatus, endemic Adromischus cristatus (Haw.) Lem. var. mzimvubuensis Van Jaarsv. endemic Adromischus cristatus (Haw.) Lem. var. schonlandii (E.Phillips) Toelken, endemic Adromischus cristatus (Haw.) Lem. var. zeyheri (Harv.) Toelken, endemic Adromischus diabolicus Toelken, endemic Adromischus fallax Toelken, endemic Adromischus filicaulis (Eckl. & Zeyh.) C.A.Sm. indigenous Adromischus filicaulis (Eckl. & Zeyh.) C.A.Sm. subsp. filicaulis, endemic Adromischus filicaulis (Eckl. & Zeyh.) C.A.Sm. subsp. marlothii (Schonland) Toelken, endemic Adromischus hemisphaericus (L.) Lem. endemic Adromischus humilis (Marloth) Poelln. endemic Adromischus inamoenus Toelken, endemic Adromischus leucophyllus Uitewaal, endemic Adromischus liebenbergii Hutchison, endemic Adromischus liebenbergii Hutchison subsp. liebenbergii, endemic Adromischus liebenbergii Hutchison subsp. orientalis Van Jaarsv. endemic Adromischus maculatus (Salm-Dyck) Lem. endemic Adromischus mammillaris (L.f.) Lem. endemic Adromischus marianiae (Marloth) A.Berger, indigenous Adromischus marianiae (Marloth) A.Berger var. hallii (Hutchison) Toelken, indigenous Adromischus marianiae (Marloth) A.Berger var. immaculatus Uitewaal, endemic Adromischus marianiae (Marloth) A.Berger var. kubusensis (Uitewaal) Toelken, indigenous Adromischus marianiae (Marloth) A.Berger var. marianiae, endemic Adromischus maximus Hutchison, endemic Adromischus montium-klinghardtii (Dinter) A.Berger, indigenous Adromischus nanus (N.E.Br.) Poelln. endemic Adromischus phillipsiae (Marloth) Poelln. endemic Adromischus roaneanus Uitewaal, endemic Adromischus sphenophyllus C.A.Sm. endemic Adromischus subdistichus Makin ex Bruyns, endemic Adromischus subviridis Toelken, endemic Adromischus triflorus (L.f.) A.Berger, endemic Adromischus trigynus (Burch.) Poelln. indigenous Adromischus umbraticola C.A.Sm. endemic Adromischus umbraticola C.A.Sm. subsp. ramosus Toelken, endemic Adromischus umbraticola C.A.Sm. subsp. umbraticola, endemic

Aeonium Genus Aeonium: Aeonium arboreum (L.) Webb & Berthel. not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised

Bryophyllum Genus Bryophyllum: Bryophyllum delagoense (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Schinz, not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive Bryophyllum fedtschenkoi (Raym.-Hamet & Perr.) Lauz.-March. not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken, not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive Bryophyllum proliferum Bowie ex Hook. not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive

Cotyledon Genus Cotyledon: Cotyledon adscendens R.A.Dyer, endemic Cotyledon adscendens Van Jaarsv. & Eggli, accepted as Cotyledon xanthantha Van Jaarsv. & Eggli, endemic Cotyledon arborescens Mill. accepted as Crassula arborescens (Mill.) Willd. subsp. arborescens, indigenous Cotyledon barbeyi Schweinf. ex Baker, indigenous Cotyledon barbeyi Schweinf. ex Baker var. soutpansbergensis Van Jaarsv. & A.E.van Wyk, endemic Cotyledon campanulata Marloth, endemic Cotyledon cuneata Thunb. endemic Cotyledon egglii Van Jaarsv. endemic Cotyledon eliseae Van Jaarsv. endemic Cotyledon gloeophylla Van Jaarsv. endemic Cotyledon lutea Van Jaarsv. accepted as Cotyledon xanthantha Van Jaarsv. & Eggli, endemic Cotyledon orbiculata L. indigenous Cotyledon orbiculata L. var. dactylopsis Toelken, endemic Cotyledon orbiculata L. var. flanaganii (Schonland & Baker f.) Toelken, endemic Cotyledon orbiculata L. var. oblonga (Haw.) DC. indigenous Cotyledon orbiculata L. var. orbiculata, indigenous Cotyledon orbiculata L. var. spuria (L.) Toelken, endemic Cotyledon ovata Mill. accepted as Crassula ovata (Mill.) Druce, indigenous Cotyledon papillaris L.f. indigenous Cotyledon pendens Van Jaarsv. endemic Cotyledon petiolaris Van Jaarsv. endemic Cotyledon rhombifolia Haw. accepted as Adromischus rhombifolius (Haw.) Lem. Cotyledon tomentosa Harv. indigenous Cotyledon tomentosa Harv. subsp. ladismithiensis (Poelln.) Toelken, endemic Cotyledon tomentosa Harv. subsp. tomentosa, endemic Cotyledon velutina Hook.f. endemic Cotyledon woodii Schonland & Baker f. endemic Cotyledon xanthantha Van Jaarsv. & Eggli, endemic

Crassula Genus Crassula: Crassula acinaciformis Schinz, indigenous Crassula alba Forssk. var. alba, indigenous Crassula alba Forssk. var. pallida Toelken, indigenous Crassula alba Forssk. var. parvisepala (Schonland) Toelken, indigenous Crassula alcicornis Schonland, endemic Crassula alpestris Thunb. indigenous Crassula alpestris Thunb. subsp. alpestris, endemic Crassula alpestris Thunb. subsp. massonii (Britten & Baker f.) Toelken, endemic Crassula alstonii Marloth, endemic Crassula ammophila Toelken, endemic Crassula aphylla Schonland & Baker f. endemic Crassula arborea Medik. accepted as Crassula arborescens (Mill.) Willd. subsp. arborescens, indigenous Crassula arborescens (Mill.) Willd. endemic Crassula arborescens (Mill.) Willd. subsp. arborescens, endemic Crassula arborescens (Mill.) Willd. subsp. undulatifolia Toelken, endemic Crassula argentea Thunb. accepted as Crassula ovata (Mill.) Druce, indigenous Crassula argyrophylla Diels ex Schonland & Baker f. accepted as Crassula swaziensis Schonland Crassula articulata Zuccagni, accepted as Crassula ovata (Mill.) Druce, indigenous Crassula atropurpurea (Haw.) D.Dietr. indigenous Crassula atropurpurea (Haw.) D.Dietr. var. anomala (Schonland & Baker f.) Toelken, endemic Crassula atropurpurea (Haw.) D.Dietr. var. atropurpurea, endemic Crassula atropurpurea (Haw.) D.Dietr. var. cultriformis (Friedrich) Toelken, indigenous Crassula atropurpurea (Haw.) D.Dietr. var. muirii (Schonland) R.Fern. endemic Crassula atropurpurea (Haw.) D.Dietr. var. purcellii (Schonland) Toelken, endemic Crassula atropurpurea (Haw.) D.Dietr. var. watermeyeri (Compton) Toelken, endemic Crassula badspoortense Van Jaarsv. endemic Crassula barbata Thunb. indigenous Crassula barbata Thunb. subsp. barbata, endemic Crassula barbata Thunb. subsp. broomii (Schonland) Toelken, endemic Crassula barklyi N.E.Br. endemic Crassula bergioides Harv. endemic Crassula biplanata Haw. endemic Crassula brachystachya Toelken, endemic Crassula brevifolia Harv. indigenous Crassula brevifolia Harv. subsp. brevifolia, indigenous Crassula brevifolia Harv. subsp. psammophila Toelken, endemic Crassula campestris (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Endl. ex Walp. indigenous Crassula capensis (L.) Baill. indigenous Crassula capensis (L.) Baill. var. albertiniae (Schonland) Toelken, endemic Crassula capensis (L.) Baill. var. capensis, endemic Crassula capensis (L.) Baill. var. promontorii (Schonland & Baker f.) Toelken, endemic Crassula capitella Thunb. indigenous Crassula capitella Thunb. subsp. capitella, endemic Crassula capitella Thunb. subsp. enantiophylla (Baker f.) Toelken, accepted as Crassula capitella Thunb. subsp. nodulosa (Schonland) Toelken Crassula capitella Thunb. subsp. meyeri (Harv.) Toelken, endemic Crassula capitella Thunb. subsp. nodulosa (Schonland) Toelken, indigenous Crassula capitella Thunb. subsp. sessilicymula (Mogg) Toelken, endemic Crassula capitella Thunb. subsp. thyrsiflora (Thunb.) Toelken, indigenous Crassula ciliata L. endemic Crassula clavata N.E.Br. endemic Crassula coccinea L. endemic Crassula columella Marloth & Schonland, endemic Crassula columnaris Thunb. indigenous Crassula columnaris Thunb. subsp. columnaris, endemic Crassula columnaris Thunb. subsp. prolifera Friedrich, indigenous Crassula compacta Schonland, endemic Crassula congesta N.E.Br. indigenous Crassula congesta N.E.Br. subsp. congesta, endemic Crassula congesta N.E.Br. subsp. laticephala (Schonland) Toelken, endemic Crassula corallina Thunb. indigenous Crassula corallina Thunb. subsp. corallina, indigenous Crassula corallina Thunb. subsp. macrorrhiza Toelken, indigenous Crassula cordata Thunb. endemic Crassula cotyledon Jacq. accepted as Crassula arborescens (Mill.) Willd. subsp. arborescens, indigenous Crassula cotyledonifolia Salisb. accepted as Crassula arborescens (Mill.) Willd. subsp. arborescens, indigenous Crassula cotyledonis Thunb. indigenous Crassula cremnophila Van Jaarsv. & A.E.van Wyk, endemic Crassula crenulata Thunb. indigenous Crassula cultrata L. endemic Crassula cymbiformis Toelken, endemic Crassula cymosa P.J.Bergius, endemic Crassula deceptor Schonland & Baker f. indigenous