The Book Woman of Troublesome Creek is a 2019 novel by Kim Michele Richardson. The story is a fictionalized account of real subjects in the history of eastern Kentucky. Cussy Mary is a "Book Woman" — one of the Packhorse Librarians who delivered books to remote areas of the Appalachian Mountains during the Great Depression, from 1935 to 1943, as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Works Progress Administration (WPA) program. Cussy Mary is also a "Blue" — the last of a line of blue-skinned people, whose skin appears the unusual shade due to a rare genetic disorder. As a Book Woman, Cussy Mary is highly regarded, but as a Blue, she is feared and reviled, and experiences racism, discrimination, and violence.
Plot summary In 1936 eastern Kentucky, 19-year-old Cussy Mary Carter works for the New Deal–funded Pack Horse Library Project, delivering reading material to the remote hill people of the Appalachian Mountains. Cussy Mary, sometimes known as Bluet, lives with her coal-miner and labor-organizing father, and feels her work as a librarian honors her long-dead mother, who loved books. The Carters are the last of the Blue People of Kentucky, considered to be "colored" by the segregationist white community. Her "Pa", Elijah, slowly dying from lung disease from working in the mines, is determined to marry his daughter off, at any cost, in order to ensure her future security. But Cussy Mary loves her independence, her calling, and the joy she helps bring people with books, and would not be able to continue as a married woman. While the people of the small nearby town that headquarters the library treat her badly as a Blue, at least some of her patrons love and respect her.
To Cussy Mary's relief, none of her potential suitors are willing to marry a Blue. But when Elijah offers land as a dowry, the much-older Charlie Frazier agrees to the union. He rapes and severely beats Cussy Mary on the night of their hasty and secretive wedding, but then collapses and dies of an apparent heart attack. Cussy Mary is relieved to be free of the burden of wedlock to this distasteful man, returns home to her "holler", and rededicates herself to her work. A new patron on her route, Jackson Lovett, piques her romantic and intellectual interest, but she also soon realizes that a relative of Charlie's, an evangelical preacher named Vester Frazier, is stalking her as she traverses her remote trails, and means her harm. One night Vester tries sneak up on her cabin, and Pa is forced to kill him. Pa knows that Blues can be hung for less than a white man's death in self defense, and that two dead Fraziers — a large area clan — are too much to get away with. They turn to Doc, a local physician who has long been eager to test and study the Blues, and he helps the Carters steer clear of suspicion in return for access to Cussy Mary. He takes her to a hospital in Lexington for tests, where she is poorly treated, humiliated, and physically invaded, but he basically means well and also provides Cussy Mary with food, which she shares with the starving school children on her route, many of whom suffer from pellagra and are facing death.
The doctor's medical tests lead to the discovery that Cussy Mary and her father have methemoglobinemia, a rare genetic blood disorder that results in unoxygenated blood, causing the blue appearance of their skin. Pa is uninterested in a "cure", but Cussy Mary takes Doc's pills of methylene blue, which turns her skin white. However, the treatment is accompanied by side-effects of headaches and vomiting, and is very short-term. Cussy Mary revels in experiencing herself as white, and "normal", for a while, but soon realizes that the townsfolk still do not accept her. Moreover, they are convinced that her change in appearance is a sign of disease that they might catch. When she tries to join a sewing circle, now that she is "white", she is summarily rejected. She stops the treatment.
Everything changes for Cussy Mary one day upon arriving at the Moffit cabin. Young and pregnant Angeline Moffit is one of the only people who unreservedly love Cussy Mary, and touch her — for example, holding her hand. But her husband Willie refuses any contact with Cussy Mary, even eye contact. When Willie was wounded, he refused to accept medical care from her. On this day, Cussy Mary finds a man hanging from a tree, with a blue infant crying below. She realizes the man is Willie, who has appeared Blue in death. She rushes inside, and finds Angeline bleeding profusely, having given a very difficult birth. Cussy Mary realizes that Angeline and her husband were also Blue descendants, and their baby, Honey, inherited the condition. As Angeline lies dying, Cussy Mary promises to adopt the child, and pretend she was the result of her short-lived marriage.
Shortly thereafter, Pa dies just as the mine faces closing, and Jackson ties his life to Cussy Mary's — though they are forced to pay a heavy price as Cussy Mary's detractors invoke anti-miscegenation laws to thwart their happiness.
Background
Pack Horse Library Project
The Pack Horse Library Project (1935-1943) was part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) program. Librarians, the vast majority of whom were women, delivered books to remote regions in the Appalachian Mountains. Riding horses, donkeys or mules, on foot or by rowboat, the librarians — various known as "book women", "book ladies" or "packsaddle librarians" — would follow long, mountainous routes, riding hundreds of miles each week in difficult weather and trail conditions, in dozens of rural counties where there were no libraries at all. Approximately 30 pack horse libraries served between 100,000 and 600,000 people, known as "patrons", in the mountain areas. The libraries also served around 155 schools in these counties by 1937. The librarians would collect recipes, sewing patterns, folk medicines, prayers, and other items from magazines and their grateful patrons, and created scrap books to help the isolated folk share knowledge. They also put together picture books for the children. The federal government paid only for the salaries, so the library project depended on donations, and circulated a relatively small number of books; however, being the only source of reading material for so many people, the books, magazine and severely out-of-date newspapers they brought were highly prized. The project also enabled about 1,000 to make a living during difficult times, with a salary of $28 a month, while providing their own mounts. The program was widely popular, and its benefits proven, as school children who enjoyed the service were reported to exhibit markedly higher performance in class. In 1956, Kentucky Congressman Carl D. Perkins (who had benefitted from the program as a teacher in Knott County) was inspired to sponsor the Library Services Act, which provided the first federal appropriations for library service.
The Blue People of Kentucky
Also known as the Blue Fugates of Troublesome Creek, the Kentucky Blues were a family line that existed in eastern Kentucky for almost 200 years. In 1820, a French orphan named Martin Fugate arrived in Troublesome Creek to benefit from a land grant. Unbeknownst to him, he carried a recessive gene for a condition known as methemoglobinemia, and against the odds, the local woman he married, Elizabeth Smith, also carried this extremely rare gene. As a result, four of their seven children were born with blue skin. The Fugates lived in an isolated area, with only a handful of other families, and they also suffered discrimination and alienation due to their unusual appearance. As a result, the family progenated within a limited gene pool, with at least one recorded case of inter-familial marriage between an aunt and nephew, ensuring that the recessive gene continued to appear generation after generation.Straight Dope article on the Fugates of Appalachia, an extended family of blue-skinned people The Fugates tended to be long-lived, and the condition did not cause any negative health effects.
In the 1960s, two family members made contact with a hematologist named Madison Cawein III. Cawein drew their blood for testing, and began charting the family tree to track the appearance of the phenomenon. He discovered that the blood of the affected family members was brown rather than red, and the cause of the appearance of blue skin. Cawein heard of a similar phenomenon among native Alaskans, documented by a public health service doctor named E. M. Scott. Scott theorized that the absence of the enzyme diaphorase in the red blood cells prevented the reconversion of methemoglobin to hemoglobin, resulting in the condition known as methemoglobinemia, and that it is caused by a recessive gene. Cawein treated the family with methylene blue, which temporarily transformed their skin to "normal" hues; however, the treatment only lasted about a day, and involved unpleasant side effects.
As the 20th century progressed, improved transportation and communications reduced the isolation of the Fugates in their Appalachian "holler", and the family dispersed, while the new genes introduced to the line made the appearance of methemoglobinemia increasingly rare. The last-known Blue Fugate was Benjamin Stacy, born in 1975. His blue appearance caused an emergency response upon his birth, but his grandmother informed the medical staff that blue skin runs in the family, and indeed, the infant was born healthy. His blue appearance gradually diminished, and only when he was agitated or very cold, would the blue tinge appear in his fingertips and lips.
Characters
Cussy Mary "Bluet" Carter: A Book Woman in the New-Deal library project. Named "Cussy" after the village in France from which her family came. She travels to remote hill areas of Appalachia to bring books and other reading material to individuals and schools. Cussy Mary is the last of the Kentucky Blues; her family carries a recessive gene that causes methemoglobinemia, a blood disorder causing the skin to appear blue. Cussy Mary and her father receive violent and discriminatory treatment from other people, and are considered "colored". Cussy takes great pride in helping the "Kaintuck" folk on her route, offering them more than the books they cherish — offering food, medicine, information and reading as much as she can. She lives with her Pa in a "holler", and goes into town once a month to organize books for the library. Otherwise, she collects books from an outpost she set up in the hills. After a traumatic marriage that lasts only one night, her husband dies, and his kinfolk hold a grudge against her. Cussy Mary develops a romantic interest in Jackson Lovett, a local man who made a name for himself working on the Hoover Dam out west. She is friendly with Angeline Moffit, a pregnant 16-year old hill resident, and Queenie, a fellow librarian and one of only a handful of Black people living in the Troublesome Creek area.