The Dury, Compiègne and Abbeville meetings were held by the Allies during World War I to address Operation Michael, a massive German assault on the Western Front on 21 March 1918 which marked the beginning of the Kaiser's Spring Offensive. Since the fall of 1917, a stalemate had existed on the Western Front. However, German victory against Russia in 1917, due to the Russian Revolution and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, freed up German armies on the Eastern Front for use in the west. During the winter of 1917-1918, approximately 50 German divisions in Russia were secretly transported by train to France for use in a massive, final attack to end the war.Callwell, "Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson", pg. 72Mordacq, "The World War, Unity of Command: How it was achieved", pg. 45 The battle that followed, Operation Michael, totally surprised the Allies and nearly routed the French and British armies from the field.Amery, "My Political Life, Vol 2, pgs. 146-148 The meetings below were held under these dire circumstances.
The Dury Meetings The Dury Meetings (there were 2 of them) occurred on the afternoon of March 23 and evening of March 24, 1918, at Dury Town Hall, located three miles south of Amiens.Hoiback, Harald, "Command and Control in Military Crisis", pgs. 35-36 They were initiated by General Petain, Commander of the French armies on the Western Front, who met with General Douglas Haig, his counterpart in the British Army, at Haig's chateau and advance GHQ.Cooper, "Haig", Vol 2, pg. 250Keegan, John, "The First World War", pg. 431 The German attack pierced a part of the line recently taken over by the British from the French (see the top map), and Haig was in desperate need of reinforcements to close the breach. In the area of the break, 26 British divisions faced off against 71 German divisions.Falls, Cyril, "The Great War, 1914-1918", pg. 331 He had already been promised 21 divisions from Petain.Liddell Hart, B.H., "Foch, The Man of Orleans", pg. 268 However, it took two days to transfer a single division by train, without its guns (artillery), so it would take days, even weeks for them all to arrive.Edmonds, James, "Military Operations of the Great War, France And Belgium, Vol VII", pgs. 542-543 At 4 pm on March 23, General Haig needed more help. He asked for a reserve of twenty French divisions to be centered around the town of Amiens (behind the British front), to form a line parallel with the Somme River (see the top map) to protect the British right flank. To this, Petain refused. In fact, the German breach of the Western Front was now deep and growing, and General Petain informed General Haig that if the British continued to retreat, he would have to break his link with them so his French armies could cover Paris.Liddell Hart, B.H., "The Real War, 1914-1918", pg. 399Mordacq, "The World War", pg. 45Worsfold, W. Basil, "United Empire", Volume XVII, pg. 318 General Petain received his instructions from the French War Cabinet, he informed his generals, and his presence in Dury at 11pm on the night of March 24, 1918 was to inform General Haig.Cooper, pgs. 252, 253Worsfold, pg. 318 Per author B.H. Liddell-Hart, General Petain warned General Haig: "If you withdraw your hand in proportion as I'm stretching out mine towards you, contact between our two armies will be broken in the end; your army then risks being cornered in open country, while I shall be reduced to covering Paris."Liddell-Hart, "Foch, The Man of Orleans", pg. 269 The order sent by General Petain was less specific, and does not mention Paris.Edmonds, pgs. 448-450 However, per General Weygand, who was the French military liaison to the Supreme War Council in Versailles, General Petain "sent General Fayolle an instruction, the scope of which cannot be exaggerated".Weygand, Maxime "Memoires", pg 474 (translated)
The Compiègne Meeting
The Compiègne Meeting was held at French G.Q.G. Headquarters from 5pm to 7pm in the early evening of March 25."The New Statesman 'Special Supplement'" April 23, 1921, pg. iiEdmonds, footnote, pg. 493Worsfold, pg. 317 It was arranged by Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau to settle a vexing command problem of the Allies. Unlike the Germans, whose allies were immediately subordinate to the Kaiser and General Ludendorff, Germany's top general, the Allies had no such arrangement, and no unified commander. Clemenceau, "Grandeur in Misery and Victory", pgs. 33, 34 With all the French generals and their civilian leadership present, but only the British civilian leader present (the British generals were missing), the decision of a unified command had to be postponed until the next day.Foch, "Memoirs of Marshal Foch", pgs. 295, 296"The New Statesman", pg. ii
The First Abbeville Meeting
This was the meeting attended by the British generals. The Abbeville Meeting was arranged by General Henry Wilson and took place in the afternoon of March 25, 1918 (A second conference, relating to a Supreme War Council meeting, took place on 1-2 May 1918).Callwell, pg. 77 General Haig had informed his superior, General Henry Wilson, of the initial British defeat (at about 7 P.M., the previous night, over the telephone) and had asked him to come over from England.Liddell-Hart, "Foch, The Man of Orleans", pgs. 271-272Callwell, pg. 76Harris, J.P., "Douglas Haig and the First World War", pg. 456 Haig also invited the French military leadership to a meeting in Abbeville (30 miles south of B.E.F. Headquarters), which was to start at 3pm.Worsfold, pg. 316 When General Wilson arrived from London that morning, he met with General Haig at his headquarters in Montreuil (GHQ) at 11am.Blake, Robert, "The Private Papers of Douglas Haig, 1914-1919", pgs. 297-298Worsfold, pg. 77Edmonds, pg. 492 He was told that the British were confronted by the whole offensive weight of the German army.Edmonds, pg. 492 General Haig handed Wilson an order, which his headquarters had prepared, that authorized an immediate withdrawal of B.E.F. forces from the trenches in the direction of the Channel ports of Calais, Dunkirk and Boulogne. The order also requested at least 20 divisions from General Petain, to cover the British retreat. Haig said, "Unless the whole French army came up we were beaten" and "It would be better to make peace on any terms we could."Strachan, Hew, "The First World War", pg. 299 General Wilson and General Haig drove to Abbeville early that afternoon.Cooper, pg. 254Amery, "The Leo Amery Diaries", pg, 210 At 4pm they were met by General Maxime Weygand and his aide.Edmonds, pg. 493 Weygand was read the order, and understanding its significance, he asked for a handwritten copy. Although the plan meant abandoning the Western Front line as a defense and leaving a breach open to the Germans, it was the best the Allies could do under the circumstances without avoiding the wider catastrophe of encirclement and surrender. Weygand left the meeting with the order, and that evening hand delivered it to General Mordacq, Prime Minister Clemenceau's military aide.Weygand, pgs. 477-478 (translated) The entire matter was settled the next day, at the Doullens Conference, when all sides finally got together.Amery, pgs. 147, 148Lloyd George, David, "War Memoirs of David Lloyd George", Vol V, pgs. 387-389War Cabinet minutes, pg. 389 of 475
References
Citations
Sources
"The New Statesman 'Special Supplement'" April 23, 1921, London: Statesman Publishing
UK War Cabinet Minutes, 26 March 1918 CAB 23-5
Further reading Archive.org (please sign in for free to link citations and sources with source documents) UK National Archives, online UK National Archives, CAB 23-4 Role of Douglas Haig in 1918 Britannica.com: World War I, The Last Offensives and the Allies' Victory
Edmonds, James, History of the Great War, Military Operations in France and Belgium, 1918: The German March Offensive and its Preliminaries, Vol VII, London: Macmillan, 1935, (Dury: pgs. 448-450, Compiegne: footnote, pg. 493, Abbeville: pgs. 492-493)